Blinatumomab linking a T cell to a malignant B cell.

FDA Approves Blincyto (blinatumomab) for Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

December 3, 2014 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today

approved Blincyto (blinatumomab) to treat patients with Philadelphia

chromosome-negative precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

(B-cell ALL), an uncommon form of ALL.

http://www.drugs.com/newdrugs/fda-approves-blincyto-blinatumomab-precursor-b-cell-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-4115.html?utm_source=ddc&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Today%27s+news+summary+-+December+3%2C+2014&utm_content=FDA+Approves+Blincyto+%28blinatumomab%29+for+Precursor+B-Cell+Acute+Lymphoblastic+Leukemia

Blinatumomab (AMG103) is a drug that has anti-cancer properties. It belongs to a new class of constructed monoclonal antibodies,bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), that exert action selectively and direct the human immune system to act against tumor cells. Blinatumomab specifically targets the CD19 antigen present on B cells.^[1]

The drug was developed by a German-American company Micromet, Inc. in cooperation with Lonza; Micromet was later purchases by Amgen, which has furthered the drug’s clinical trials. In July 2014, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy status to blinatumomab for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).^[2] In October 2014, Amgen’s Biologics License Application for blinatumomab was granted priority review designation by the FDA, thus establishing a deadline of May 19, 2015 for completion of the FDA review process.^[3]

Structure and mechanism of action

Blinatumomab linking a T cell to a malignant B cell.

Blinatumomab enables a patient’s T cells to recognize malignant B cells. A molecule of blinatumomab combines two binding sites: a CD3site for T cells and a CD19 site for the target B cells. CD3 is part of the T cell receptor. The drug works by linking these two cell types andactivating the T cell to exert cytotoxic activity on the target cell.^[4] CD3 and CD19 are expressed in both pediatric and adult patients, making blinatumomab a potential therapeutic option for both pediatric and adult populations.^[5]

Therapeutic use

Clinical trials

In a phase 1 clinical study with blinatumomab, patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma showed tumor regression, and in some cases complete remission.^[6] There are ongoing phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials of blinatumomab in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).^[7] One phase II trial for ALL reported good results in 2010 and another is starting.^[8]

Adverse effects

Common side effects observed in Phase 2 trials are listed below; they were temporary and typically occurred during the first treatment cycle:^[5]

• Flu-like symptoms (i.e. fever, headache, and fatigue)
• Tremor
• Weight increase
• Hypokalemia
• Decrease of blood immunoglobulin

CNS effects were also observed during clinical trials and were treated via a lower dose of blinatumomab, administration of dexamethasone, or treatment discontinuation. Because the side effects were reversible, early monitoring for the CNS symptoms listed below is important:^[5]

• Seizure
• Encephalopathy
• Tremor
• Apraxia
• Speech disorders
• Disorientation

Less common side effects include cytokine release syndrome and immunogenicity.^[5]

References

External links

• Clinical trials of blinatumomab

Blinatumomab 

Monoclonal antibody
Type	Bi-specific T-cell engager
Source	Mouse
Target	CD19, CD3
Clinical data
Legal status	?
Identifiers
CAS number	853426-35-4
ATC code	None
UNII	4FR53SIF3A
Chemical data
Formula	C2367H3577N649O772S19
Mol. mass	54.1 kDa

APD 334

Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  innovator

2-[7-[4-Cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3(R)-yl]acetic acid

APD334, an orally available agonist of the S1P₁ receptor, is an internally discovered investigational drug candidate intended for the potential treatment of a number of conditions related to autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. S1P₁ receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of several biological responses, including lymphocyte trafficking from lymph nodes to the peripheral blood. By isolating lymphocytes in lymph nodes, fewer immune cells are available in the circulating blood to effect tissue damage. We have optimized APD334 as a potent and selective small molecule S1P₁ receptor agonist that reduces the severity of disease in preclinical autoimmune disease models.

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an inappropriate immune response against substances and tissues that are normally present in the body. In an autoimmune reaction, a person’s antibodies and immune cells target healthy tissues, triggering an inflammatory response. Reducing the immune and/or inflammatory response is an important goal in the treatment of autoimmune disease.

L-arginine salt of (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid of Formula (la):

The present invention relates to processes and intermediates useful in the preparation of of (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol- 3-yl)acetic acid of Formula (la) or salts thereof, an SlPl receptor modulator that is useful in the treatment of SlPl receptor-associated disorders, for example, diseases and disorders mediated by lymphocytes, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatory diseases and disorders (e.g. , acute and chronic inflammatory conditions), cancer, and conditions characterized by an underlying defect in vascular integrity or that are associated with angiogenesis such as may be pathologic (e.g. , as may occur in inflammation, tumor development and atherosclerosis).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

SlPl receptor agonists have been shown to possess at least immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory, and/or hemostatic activities, e.g. by virtue of modulating leukocyte trafficking, sequestering lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues, and/or enhancing vascular integrity. Accordingly, SlPl receptor agonists can be useful as immunosuppressive agents for at least autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatory diseases and disorders (e.g. , acute and chronic inflammatory conditions), transplant rejection, cancer, and/or conditions that have an underlying defect in vascular integrity or that are associated with angiogenesis such as may be pathologic (e.g., as may occur in inflammation, tumor development, and atherosclerosis) with fewer side effects such as the impairment of immune responses to systemic infection.

The sphingosine-1 -phosphate (SIP) receptors 1-5 constitute a family of G protein- coupled receptors containing a seven-transmembrane domain. These receptors, referred to as SlPl to S1P5 (formerly termed endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) receptor-1, -5, -3, -6, and -8, respectively; Chun et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 54:265-269, 2002), are activated via binding by sphingosine-1 -phosphate, which is produced by the sphingosine kmase-catalyzed phosphorylation of sphingosine. SlPl, S1P4, and S1P5 receptors activate Gi but not Gq, whereas S1P2 and S1P3 receptors activate both Gi and Gq. The S1P3 receptor, but not the SlPl receptor, responds to an agonist with an increase in intracellular calcium.

In view of the growing demand for S 1P1 agonists useful in the treatment of S 1P1 receptor-associated disorders, the compound (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid of Formula

(la):

has emerged as an important new compound, see PCT patent application, Serial No.

PCTVUS2009/004265 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Accordingly, new and efficient routes leading to (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l, 2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid of Formula (la), salts, and intermediates related thereto are needed. The processes and compounds described herein help meet these and other needs.

Example 7: Preparation of (i?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)) and L-Arginine Salt of (_JR)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)).

Method 1

Preparation of (/?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)) and L-Arginine Salt Thereof.

Step A: Preparation of (i?)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta [b] indol-3-yl)acetic acid.

To a solution of rac-ethyl 2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate (20.00 g, 41.19 mmol) in acetonitrile (185 ml) in a 500 mL three-neck RBF equipped with magnetic stir bar, N₂ inlet, thermocouple, and condenser was added potassium phosphate buffer (15 ml, 1.0 M, pH = 7.80) and followed by addition of lipase B, Candida antarctica, immobilized recombinant from yeast (1.0 g, 5865 U/g, 5865 U). The resultant yellow suspension was stirred at about 40 °C under N₂ for 16 hours. To the mixture, 1 M citric acid was added to adjust the pH to 3.96 which was then filtered on a Whatman filter cup. The solids were washed with ACN (3 x 15 mL). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated at about 30 °C under vacuum to give an orange residue, which was partitioned between EtOAc (60 mL) and brine (60 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂0 (2 x 80 mL), brine (2 x 80 mL), dried over Na₂S0₄, decanted, and concentrated at 30 °C under vacuum to give an orange oil, which was dried under vacuum at room temperature overnight to give a light orange oil (22.203 g) containing (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta|¾]indol-3- yl)acetic acid. The crude was assayed to be 41.41 wt % (9.194 g) with 99.42% ee.

Step B: Preparation of L-Arginine Salt of (i?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)).

To the crude (21.837 g) (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (41.41 %w/w; 9.043 g, 19.77 mmol) containing the (5)-isomer as the ester impurity in a 200 mL round bottom flask was added IPA (150.72 mL). The mixture was heated at 60 °C under N₂ till the oily residue dissolved completely. The resultant orange solution was heated at about 60 °C for 5 min. Seeds of L-arginine salt of (R)-2- (7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3- yl)acetate (362 mg) were added. The seeds were suspended in the orange solution. A 2.27 M aqueous solution of L-arginine (8.709 mL, 3.44 g, 19.77 mmol) pre-warmed to about 60 °C was added into the mixture dropwise over 30 min. A light yellow precipitate formed gradually during the addition. The suspension was stirred for about an additional 30 min. The temperature of the suspension was allowed to drop at about 0.4 °C per minute to room temperature. The mixture was agitated occasionally at room temperature overnight. The suspension was filtered and the cake was washed with IP A (3 6 mL) and EtOAc (3 x 15 mL). The filter cake was dried at room temperature under vacuum overnight to give L-arginine salt of (R)-2-(7-(4- cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate as a white solid (11.631 g, 44.7%): HPLC 99.38 Area %, 99.6 % ee. TGA, PXRD, PLM, SEM and DSC indicated the solid as a non-solvated, crystalline compound with an average aggregates size of 18.05 microns and a melting point of 202.69 °C.

Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.53-1.80 (m, 8H), 1.81-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.93-2.13 (m, 3H), 2.19 (dd, J= 15.12, 8.18 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J= 15.12, 6.61 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.77 (m, 3H), 3.03-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.51 (m, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 6.70 (dd, J= 8.75, 2.40 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J= 2.40 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, 7= 8.75 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J= 8.08 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, 7= 8.08 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1 H), 7.10-8.70 (br. s, 6H), 10.49 (s, 1H). LCMS m/z calcd for C32H40F3N5O5: 631.69, found: 632.1 (M_salt+H)⁺, 458.3 (100, (M_acid+H)⁺).

Method 2

Preparation of (l?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)).

Additional procedures to prepare (R)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (1xiiluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)) using other lipases were utilized, for example, the following were shown to hydrolyze rac-ethyl 2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate to (R)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)). General hydrolysis conditions and % enantiomeric excess (% ee) are shown below for the following enzymes, lipase B Candida Antarctica, lipase Mucor miehei (MML), and P. fluorescens.

5% DMF inP. fluorescens 7.5 30 C 19-20 phosphate Buffer

Free enzyme (i.e., non-immoblized)

Each of the above enzymes provided the desired (R)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (Compound of Formula (la)) with varying degrees of % ee.

Example 8: Preparation of L-Arginine Salt of (l?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid.

Method 1

(R)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (174.7 mg, 0.381 mmol) was dissolved in EPA (1.57 mL) and L-arginine (66.4 mg, 0.381 mmol) was added as a solution in water (263 μΕ,). The homogeneous solution was warmed to 40 °C. After 15 min at this temperature, a precipitate had formed. The reaction mixture was warmed to 70 °C causing the precipitate to dissolve. The heat bath was turned off. A precipitate began to form at 40 °C and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to about 28 °C before collecting the solids by filtration. The solids were washed with 14% water in EPA to give the L-arginine salt of (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3- (1riiluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid (130 mg).

Method 2

Example 8: Preparation of L-Arginine Salt of (i?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid.

Step A: Preparation of l-Cyclopentyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Compound of Formula (lib)).

To a 50 L three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, and nitrogen inlet, was added dry THF (35 L) and cooled to 0-5 °C. To the flask was added Iron (III) chloride (2.7 kg, 0.15 eq) portion wise over 30-60 min. and stirred for 15- 30 min. resulting in a clear greenish solution. Under a nitrogen atmosphere in a dry 100 gallon glass lined reactor was added THF (87.5 L) and magnesium turnings (4.05 kg, 1.5 eq), and cooled to 0-5 °C. To the THF and magnesium mixture was added the solution of FeCl₃ in THF at a rate to maintain the internal temperature below 10 °C. To the resulting yellow/green mixture was added TMEDA (15.5 kg, 1.2 eq) at a rate to maintain the internal temperature below 20 °C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 40-45 °C for 1 hour and a mixture of 1 bromo-2-

(trifluoromethyl) benzene (25 kg, 1.0 eq) and bromocyclopentane (19.9 kg, 1.2 eq) was added to the reaction mixture at a rate to maintain an internal temperature below 25 °C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and subsequently cooled to an internal temperature of 0-5 °C. To the resulting mixture was added 6 N HC1 (100 L, 1.5 h) at such a rate as to maintain the internal temperature below 15 °C (caution, very exothermic). After the quench, MTBE (200 L) was added and the reactor contents was stirred for 30 min. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer back extracted with MTBE (75 L). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂0 (50 L), brine (50 L) and dried (MgS0₄). The mixture was filtered through an in-line (1 micron) filter cartridge followed by an additional in-line (0.45 micron) filter cartridge into a clean dry reactor. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum (jacket < 30 °C) and co-evaporated with heptanes (2 x 25 L) to provide a viscous liquid. The viscous liquid was dissolved in heptanes (100 L) and passed through a silica plug (25 kg). The silica plug was eluted with heptanes (TLC, R_f ~ 0.8, silica gel, heptanes) and the fractions containing the product were evaporated to provide the title compound as a yellow liquid, 11.7 kg (49.2%), purity as determined by HPLC was 94.1%. Ή NMR conforms to reference standard.

Step B: Preparation of 4-(Chloromethyl)-l-cyclopentyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Compound of Formula (He)).

To a 100 gallon glass lined reactor equipped with a stirrer was added concentrated sulphuric acid (48.6 L) and cooled to an internal temperature between about -5 to -10 °C under an atmosphere of N₂. To the sulfuric acid was added thionyl chloride (26.99 kg, 2 eq) at a rate to maintain the internal temperature below -5 °C. To the resulting mixture 1,3,5-trioxane (15.3 kg, 1.5 eq) was added portion wise at a rate to maintain the internal temperature below -5 °C. After the addition of 1,3,5-trioxane, l-cyclopentyl-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene (24.0 kg) was added drop wise over a period of approximately 2-3 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for approximately 3-4 hours, allowed to warm to room temperature overnight and subsequently cooled to an internal temperature of 0-5 °C. To the resulting mixture was added water (316 L) drop wise over a period of approximately 5-6 hours (Note: Very exothermic). After the quench with water, the resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with MTBE (243 L and 123 L). The combined organics were washed with saturated NaHC0₃ (100 L), brine (100 L), water (100 L), brine (100 L), and dried (MgS0₄). The mixture was filtered through an in-line (1 micron) filter cartridge followed by an additional in-line (0.45 micron) filter cartridge into a clean dry reactor. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum (jacket < 30 °C) and further evaporated under vacuum at 35-40 °C. The resulting oil was distilled under high vacuum to provide the title compound as a yellow liquid, 24.8 kg (83%), purity as determined by HPLC was 99.47%. Ή

NMR conforms to reference standard.

Step C: Preparation of Ethyl 2-(2-Morpholinocyclopent-2-enylidene)acetate (Compound of Formula (Kg), Whe

Cyclopentanone (22.00 kg), morpholine (22.88 kg) and cyclohexane (43.78 kg) were charged to a 400 L glass-lined reactor equipped with overhead agitation, jacket temperature control, a nitrogen inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap. The reactor contents were heated to about 85 °C to 95 °C for approximately 26 h while removing water using the Dean-Stark trap. The reaction to form the enamine (i.e., 4-cyclopentenylmorpholine, Compound of Formula (lie) wherein R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen atom form a morpholine ring) is deemed complete when the morpholine amount is verified to be < 3% by GC peak area.

The reactor contents were cooled to about 60 °C and ethyl glyoxalate (Compound of Formula (ΠΤ) wherein R³ is ethyl; 58.74 kg, 50% solution in toluene) was added to the mixture slowly so as to maintain an internal temperature of < 80 °C. The reactor contents were heated to about 85 °C to 95 °C for at least 25 hours while removing water using the Dean-Stark trap. The reaction was deemed complete when the eneamine (i.e., 4-cyclopentenylmorpholine) amount by GC was verified to be less than 0.5% by GC peak area. The cyclohexane/toluene mixture was distilled under vacuum, ethanol (261.80kg) was charged to the reactor, and the resulting solution was again distilled under vacuum. Ethanol (34.76 kg) and water 44.00 kg) were charged to the reactor and the reactor contents stirred at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred further for 6 h at about 0-5 °C.

The resulting product slurry was collected by filtration, washed with aqueous ethanol (34.76 kg ethanol dissolved in 176.00 kg water). The filter-cake was further washed with water (110.00 kg), dried initially at approximately 36 °C for 1 hour under vacuum and subsequently at approximately 50 °C under vacuum for 17 h. The title compound was obtained as a tan solid (23.48 kg, 37.8% yield).

Step D: Preparation of Ζί/ZEthyl 2-(7-(Benzyloxy)-l,2-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol- 3(4H)-ylidene)acetate

To a 400 L glass-lined reactor equipped with overhead agitation, jacket temperature control, and a nitrogen inlet was added (4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (21.08 kg, 1.000 mole equiv.), ethyl 2-(2-mo holinocyclopent-2-en lidene)acetate (22.02 kg, 1.104 mole equiv.), ethanol (51.2 kg, 2.429 mass equiv.), and acetic acid (36.8 kg, 1.746 mass eq.). After the reactor contents are allowed to stand for 10 minutes, agitation and then heating to 60°C to 65°C (60°C target) was started. While stirring at that temperature, samples of the reaction mixture were taken over intervals of approximately 30 minutes and analyzed by HPLC for (4-

(benzyloxy)phenyl)hydrazine, ethyl 2-(2-morpholinocyclopent-2-enylidene)acetate, and hydrazone content. When (4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)hydrazine HPLC % area was < 1, TFA (11.6 kg, 101.7 mol, 1.200 mole equiv., 0.550 mass equiv.) was charged over approximately 1 hour while the stirred reaction mixture was maintained at 60°C ± 5°C with reactor jacket cooling. As stirring at 60°C to 65°C was continued, the hydrazone and imine content of the reaction mixture was monitored by HPLC. After stirring at 60°C to 65°C for at least 12 hours the imine content of the reaction mixture was < 5% area by HPLC, and the stirred reaction mixture was cooled to 20°C to 25°C over approximately 3 hours. Stirring was maintained at that temperature to allow isomerization of the Z isomer to the desired E isomer. The E isomer crystallizes from the reaction mixture. The Z isomer and E isomer % area content of the reaction mixture was monitored by HPLC during this period of stirring at 20°C to 25°C, which was continued until the Z-isomer content of the reaction mixture was < 15% area by HPLC.

The stirred reaction mixture was cooled (0°C to 5°C) over at least 2 hours and then filtered. The reactor was charged with ethanol (27.4 kg, 1.300 mass equiv.), which was stirred and chilled to 0°C to 5°C and then used in two approximately equal portions to slurry-wash the product filter cake twice. The reactor was charged with ethanol (13.8 kg, 0.655 mass equiv.), which was stirred and chilled to 0°C to 5°C and then used to wash the product filter cake by displacement. The reactor was charged with USP purified water (100 kg, 4.744 mass equiv.), and the temperature was adjusted to 20°C to 25°C. The USP purified water was then used in three approximately equal portions to wash the product filter cake three times, the first two by reslurrying and the third by displacement. The reactor was charged with ethanol (16.4 kg, 0.778 mass equiv.), stirred and chilled to 0°C to 5°C, and then used to wash the product filter cake by displacement. The washed product filter cake was dried under full vacuum first with a jacket temperature of 35°C for 1 hour and then with a jacket temperature of 50°C. While drying continues with a jacket temperature of 50°C, the product solids are turned over every 1 hour to 3 hours, and product samples are analyzed for loss on drying (LOD) every >4 hours. When LOD was < 1%, the product was cooled to < 30°C. The yield of the title compound was 13.06 kg (37.59 mol, 44.7%). Step E: Preparation of Ethyl 2-(7-Hydroxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3- yl)acetate.

To a 200 liter Hastelloy reactor was added ethyl 2-(7-(benzyloxy)-l ,2- dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3(4H)-ylidene)acetate (E/Z mixture, 12 kg), 10% Pd/C (50% wet with H₂0; 1.80 kg) and ethyl acetate (108 kg). The suspension was degassed 3x with N₂ and triethylamine (1.76 kg) was added. To the resulting mixture was added formic acid (3.34 kg) while maintaining the internal temperature at below 35 °C. The reaction progression was followed by HPLC to monitor the complete consumption of starting material (i.e., E/Z mixture of ethyl 2-(7-(benzyloxy)-l ,2-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3(4H)-ylidene)acetate) and the debenzylated intermediate. After approximately 30 minutes an additional amount of formic acid (0.50 kg) was added and the combined peak area of ethyl 2-(7-(benzyloxy)-l ,2- dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3(4H)-ylidene)acetate and the related debenzylated intermediate was determined to be < 1 % area by HPLC. The reactor contents were filtered through a 1.2 μιη cartridge filter followed by an in-line 0.2 μπι inline polishing filter. To the filtrate was added water (60 kg) and the biphasic mixture was partitioned. The organics were separated and concentrated under vacuum at approximately 60°C ± 5°C to a minimum stir volume, ethyl acetate (21.6 kg) was added and the mixture was further concentrated under vacuum to a minimum stir volume. Once again ethyl acetate (16.8 kg) was charged to the crude mixture and the resulting solution was heated to approximately 60 °C. Heptanes (37.2 kg) were charged maintaining the internal temperature at 60 °C. The solution was slowly cooled to approximately 0 to 5 °C and approximately 2-3 hr to facilitate crystallization. The slurry was filtered, the filter cake was reslurried in heptanes (27.12 kg) and ethyl acetate (7.08 kg). The resulting suspension was filtered and the solids dried under vacuum at approximately 40 ± 5 °C (until the loss on drying (LOD) is < 1%) to afford the title compound (6.23 kg, 70.3 % yield) as a solid.

Step F: Preparation of ( ft^-Ethyl 2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate (Compound of Formula (Ilk), Wher

To a 50 liter glass reactor containing ethyl 2-(7 -hydroxy- 1 ,2,3, 4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate (2.000 kg, 1.000 equiv.) was added cesium carbonate

(3.266 kg, 1.300 equiv.) and acetonitrile (15.720 kg) under nitrogen. To the resulting mixture was added 4-(chloromethyl)-l-cyclopentyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (2.228 kg, 1.100 equiv.) over approximately one hour while maintaining the stirred reactor contents at 40°C ± 5°C. After the addition of 4-(chloromethyl)-l-cyclopentyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene the reactor contents were heated to 65°C ± 5°C with stirring until the concentration of ethyl 2-(7-hydroxy-l , 2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate in the reaction mixture was less than 2.0 % area by

HPLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 50°C ± 5°C and filtered under nitrogen through a fine filter cloth with suction to remove cesium salts (Note: ethyl 2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate may precipitate below 30 °C). The filter cake was washed with fresh hot (50°C ± 5 °C) acetonitrile (5.658 kg divided in approximately three equal portions). The filtrates were returned to the reactor. The combined filtrates were concentrated by vacuum distillation with a jacket temperature of 60°C ± 10°C. To the reactor was added ethyl alcohol (3.156 kg) and once again concentrated with stirring by vacuum distillation with a jacket temperature of 60°C ± 10 °C. Once again, ethyl alcohol (3.156 kg) was added to the reactor and the contents were concentrated by vacuum distillation with a jacket temperature of 60 °C ± 10 °C to a reactor volume of approximately 14 L. The stirred reactor contents were cooled to 0 °C ± 5°C and the temperature maintained for 4 hours to facilitate the crystallization of the product. The resulting slurry was filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold 0 °C ± 5 °C ethyl alcohol (2 x 3.156 kg). The filter cake was dried under vacuum at 35 °C ± 5 °C until the weight loss over >1 hour was <2% to provide 3.0943 kg (81.0% yield) of the title compound as a solid.

Step G: Preparation of (!?)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)- l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclo

A 1.0 M buffer solution was prepared containing potassium phosphate monobasic (29.1 g, 0.0335 equiv.) in USP purified water (213 g) and potassium phosphate dibasic (368.2 g, 0.331 equiv.) in USP purified water (2.107 g). To a 50 liter glass reactor was added ethyl 2-(7-(4- cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetate

(3.094 kg, 1.000 equiv.), Lipase B, Candida antarctica, immobilized (88.18 g, 293250 units/kg of ethyl ester starting material) and acetonitrile (22.32 kg). To the stirred contents of the reactor was added the previously prepared 1.0 M potassium phosphate buffer. The resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen at a temperature of 40°C ± 5°C until the (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-

(rrifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid concentration was >35% area as determined by HPLC (Note: although the reaction usually is complete after about 10 hours, the reaction mixture may be held at 40°C ± 5°C overnight). The stirred reactor contents were cooled to 25 °C ± 5°C and the pH was adjusted to between 4 and 5 by addition of a solution of citric acid (278.5 g, 0.228 equiv.) dissolved in USP purified water (1.454 kg). The reactor contents were filtered to remove immobilized lipase and phosphate and citrate salts. The reactor and solids were washed with acetonitrile (4.827 kg) and the combined filtrates were added backed into the reactor. The stirred reactor contents were concentrated to a volume of 1.0 L to 2.0 L by vacuum distillation at a jacket temperature of 55 °C ± 5°C. To the reactor was added ethyl acetate (5.582 kg) and USP purified water (6.188 kg). The contents were stirred at 20°C ± 5°C for at least 10 minutes and a solution of sodium chloride (1 kg) in USP purified water (1 kg) was added to facilitate phase separation. After phase separation was complete, the lower aqueous layer was drained. A solution of sodium chloride (5.569 kg) in USP purified water (12.38 kg) was divided in two approximately equal portions and the ethyl acetate phase was washed (2x). The ethyl acetate phase was transferred into a carboy and the reactor was rinsed with ethyl acetate (838.5 g) and added to the carboy containing the ethyl acetate phase. The reactor was washed sequentially with USP purified water (12.38 kg), acetone (4.907 kg), and ethyl acetate (838.5 g) and the ethyl acetate mixture from the carboy was transferred back to the reactor and concentrated with stirring to a volume of 1 L to 2 L by vacuum distillation at a jacket temperature of 55°C ± 5°C. To the reactor was added 2-propanol (14.67 kg) and after stirring the resulting mixture was concentrated to a volume of 1 L to 2 L by vacuum distillation at a jacket temperature of 55°C ± 5°C. To the reactor was added 2-propanol (7.333 kg) and heated with stirring at 60°C ± 5°C until the contents dissolved. The stirred reactor contents were cooled to 20°C ± 5°C and filtered through a medium-porosity fritted-glass filter to remove any inorganic solids to provide a 2-propanol solution containing 1.3188 kg of the title compound.

Step H: Preparation of L-Arginine Salt of (i?)-2-(7-(4-Cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l ,2,3_?4-tetrahydrocyclopenta [b] indol-3-yl)acetic acid

(Compound of For

To a 50 liter glass reactor containing the 2-propanol solution prepared in Step G of (R)- 2-(7-(4-cyclopen1yl-3-(trifluoromethyl)ben2yloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3- yl)acetic acid (1.3188 kg, 1.000 equiv.) was added an additional amount of 2-propanol (6.3389 kg) to adjust the total volume to approximately 16.7 L/kg of (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid. The reactor contents were stirred and heated to 60 °C ± 5 °C. To the reactor was added seed material (L- arginine salt of (R)-2-(7-(4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-l , 2,3,4- tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid, 26.4 g, 0.0145 equiv.). The reactor contents were stirred for approximately 5 minutes at 60 °C ± 5 °C and a solution of L-arginine (502.5 g, 1.000 equiv.) in USP purified water (1.27 kg) preheated to 60°C ± 5°C was added over approximately

1 hour while maintaining the stirred reactor contents at 60°C ± 5°C. The stirring of the reactor contents at 60°C ± 5°C was maintained for approximately 1 hour and then allowed to cool at an approximate rate of 0.2°C/min to 1.0°C/min. to a temperature of 25°C ± 5°C. Once at approximately 25°C the contents of the reactor were stirred for approximately 1 hour maintaining the temperature of 25°C ± 5°C. The resulting slurry was filtered and the filter cake was washed with 2- propanol (6.2511 kg divided in three approximately equal portions) and with ethyl acetate (13.560 kg divided in six approximately equal portions. The filter cake was dried under vacuum at 40°C ± 5°C (until the weight loss over >1 hour is <2%) to provide 1.657 kg of the title compound (32.9% yield) as a crystalline solid.

HPLC purity: 99.64 Area %; Enantiomeric purity: 99.3%; DSC melting onset temperature 203.46 °C; TGA Weight Loss out to ~1 10 °C was 0.05%. NMR confirms the structure of the L-salt.

Five additional lots of the L-arg salt have been prepared using substantially this same synthetic method as described above, the DSC melting onset temperatures for a sample from each of the lots is as follows: 203.96 °C, 203.00 °C, 203.11 °C, 203.79 °C and 203.97 °C; the TGA Weight Loss out to ~1 10 °C for a sample from each of the lots is as follows: 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.10%, and 0.12%.

 

WO2009078983A1 *	Dec 15, 2008	Jun 25, 2009	Arena Pharm Inc	Tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl carboxylic acid derivatives useful in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
WO2010011316A1 *	Jul 22, 2009	Jan 28, 2010	Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	SUBSTITUTED 1,2,3,4- TETRAHYDROCYCLOPENTA[b]INDOL-3-YL) ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
US20090004265	Jan 19, 2006	Jan 1, 2009	Bayer Healthcare Ag	Prevention and Treatment of Thromboembolic Disorders

I am seated left with DR PAUL MURRAY, DR JOHN KNIGHT, DR WILL WATSON, At Scientific Update Organic Process Research and Dev Conference, NCL, PUNE ,INDIA, 5 TH DEC 2014

DR WILL AND DR JOHN IN A DISCUSSION

A SLIDE

PROCESS CHEMISTRY CONFERENCES SCHEDULE

EVENT

Title:

Organic Process Research & Development – India

Subtitle:

The 32nd International Conference and Exhibition

When:

04.12.2014 – 05.12.2014

Where:

National Chemical Laboratory – Pune

Brochure:

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http://scientificupdate.co.uk/conferences/conferences-and-workshops/details/224-organic-process-research-and-development-conference-india.html

poster by DR PRAVIN KENDREKAR

PUNE CITY

NCL

MUMBAI PUNE EXPRESSWAY

PUNE FC

 

Volkswagen India Plant and offices in Pune

From top: Fergusson College, Mahatma Gandhi Road(left), Shaniwarwada (right), the HSBC Global Technology India Headquarters, and the National War Memorial Southern Command

picture credit…………Dr Corey johnson

Astakolactin is a sesterpene from the Ionian Sea near Greece possessing considerable biological properties. Hence, that’s why the authors decided to synthesize it, and also why the we’re all interested in its structure. In the conclusion of this paper, no biological studies were performed, but the characterization matches that of the natural product, which is a big deal.

read at

http://chemistrycorey.blogspot.in/2014/11/total-synthesis-of-proposed-structure.html

A lovely blog and its great author

Corey R. Johnson

Philly native, JCSU alumnus, Brandeis alumnus, Co-author of several scholarly journal articles…

View His complete profile

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ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY INTERNATIONAL…………A blog to brush up

http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2014/12/heavy-traffic-on-your-favorite.html

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Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate

4-fluoro-5-[[(2S)-2-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]sulfonyl]isoquinoline;dihydrate;hydrochloride

4-Fluoro-5-[2(S)-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepin-1-ylsulfonyl]isoquinoline hydrochloride dihydrate

223645-67-8

016TTR32QF, K 115

LAUNCHED 2014Kowa

SEE       http://pdf.irpocket.com/C4576/GpH7/tLM4/sJIT.pdf

Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (Glanatec® ophthalmic solution 0.4 %; hereafter referred to as ripasudil) is a small-molecule, Rho-associated kinase inhibitor developed by Kowa Company, Ltd. for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. This compound, which was originally discovered by D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc., reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by directly acting on the trabecular meshwork, thereby increasing conventional outflow through the Schlemm’s canal.

As a result of this mechanism of action, ripasudil may offer additive effects in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension when used in combination with agents such as prostaglandin analogues (which increase uveoscleral outflow) and β blockers (which reduce aqueous production).

The eye drop product has been approved in Japan for the twice-daily treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension, when other therapeutic agents are not effective or cannot be administered. Phase II study is underway for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

K-115 is a Rho-kinase inhibitor as ophthalmic solution originally developed by Kowa and D Western Therapeutics Institute (DWTI). The product candidate was approved and launched in Japan for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in 2014.

In 2002, the compound was licensed to Kowa Pharmaceutical by D Western Therapeutics Institute (DWTI) in Japan for the treatment of glaucoma. The compound is currently in phase II clinical trials at the company for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.

Use of (S)-(-)-1-(4- fluoro-5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methyl-1,4-homopiperazine (ripasudil hydrochloride, first disclosed in WO9920620), in the form of eye drops, for the treatment of retinal diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration.

Follows on from WO2012105674 by claiming a combination of the same compound. Kowa, under license from D Western Therapeutics Institute, has developed the Rho kinase inhibitor ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (presumed to be Glanatek) as an eye drop formulation for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension which was approved in Japan in September 2014..

The company is also developing the agent for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, for which it is in phase II trial as of October 2014.

…………………….

A Practical Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 3-methyl-1,4-diazepane-1-carboxylate, the key intermediate of Rho-kinase inhibitor K-115
Synthesis (Stuttgart) 2012, 44(20): 3171

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0032-1316771

practical synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 3-methyl-1,4-di­azepane-1-carboxylate has been established for supplying this key intermediate of Rho–kinase inhibitor K-115 in a multikilogram production. The chiral 1,4-diazepane was constructed by intramolecular Fukuyama–Mitsunobu cyclization of a N-nosyl diamino alcohol starting from the commercially available (S)- or (R)-2-aminopropan-1-ol. In the same manner, an enantiomeric pair of a structural isomer were prepared for demonstration of the synthetic utility.

SEE

WO 2006137368 http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006137368A1?cl=en

WO 2012026529http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012026529A1?cl=en

The including prevention and treatment cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral edema, the present invention relates to a salt thereof or isoquinoline derivatives useful as therapeutic agents, particularly glaucoma.

(S) – (-) -1 – (4 – fluoro-iso-5 – yl) sulfonyl – 2 – methyl -1,4 – diazepane the following formula (1):

It is a compound represented by the particular it is a crystalline water-soluble, not hygroscopic, because it is excellent in chemical stability, it is useful as a medicament has been known for its hydrochloride dihydrate ( refer to Patent Documents 1 and 2). -5 Isoquinoline of these – the sulfonamide compounds, that prophylactic and therapeutic agents for cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral edema, is useful as a therapeutic agent for preventing and glaucoma in particular is known (1-5 see Patent Document 1).

Conventionally, for example, a method of manufacturing by the method described in Patent Document 1, as shown in the following production process has been reported preparation of said compound (Production Method 1-A).

That is, (S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl – 3 – by reacting the presence of triethylamine in methylene chloride-fluoro-isoquinoline (2) – methyl -1,4 – diazepane and 5 (3) – chloro-sulfonyl -4 by adding trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride compound (the first step), obtained following (4) to synthesize a compound (4) by deprotection to (second step) the desired compound (1) This is a method of manufacturing.

It is also an important intermediate for preparing the compound (1) (S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl – 3 – methyl-1 ,4 – diazepane to (3), for example, in the following manner (; see JP Production Process 1-B) that can be produced is known.

Further, on the other hand, the compound (1) (see Patent Document 1) to be manufactured manufacturing routes such as: Any (Process 2) are known.

However, it is possible to produce in the laboratory of a small amount scale, but you place the point of view for mass industrial production, environmentally harmful halogenated hydrocarbon solvent in the compound of the above-mentioned process for producing 1-A is ( problem because it is carried out coupling step (3) and 2), giving significant adverse environmental exists. Therefore, solvent of halogenated hydrocarbon other than those listed to the specification of the patent document 1, for example, I tried actually dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like, but the present coupling reaction will be some progress indeed, Problems reaction is not completed raw material remained even after prolonged reaction time, yield undesirably stays in at most 30% was found. Furthermore, it is hard to decompose in the environment, elimination is also difficult to dioxane is not preferred irritating to humans, and are known as compounds that potentially harmful brain, kidney and liver .

When we actually produced compound (3) by the above production method 1-B, can be obtained desired compound in good yield merged with reproducibility is difficult has further been found that. That is, in the production path, 1,4 – and is used sodium hydride with dimethyl sulfoxide in forming a diazepane ring, except that I actually doing this step, Tsu than the reproducibility of the desired compound It could not be obtained in high yield Te. Also, that this is due to the synthetic route through the unstable intermediate, that it would be converted into another compound easily found this way. limitations and potential problems of the present production process is exposed since this stability may affect the reproducibility of the reaction.

Meanwhile, an attempt to carry out mass production is actually in the Process 2, it encounters various problems. For example, it is stored as an impurity whenever I repeat step, by-products formed in each stage by tandem production process ranging from step 8 gave more complex impurity profile. Depending, it is necessary to repeat a complicated recrystallization purity obtained as a medicine until the purification, the yield in the laboratory be a good overall yield is significantly reduced in the mass production of actual example be away, it does not have industrial utility of true was found. It can be summarized as follows: Considering from the viewpoint of GMP process control required for pharmaceutical production these problems.

Requires control process and numerous complex ranging 1) to 8 step, 3 2) third step – amino-1 – in the step of reacting a propanol, a difficult to remove positional isomers are mixed, 3) The fourth step water is mixed by the minute liquid extraction operation at the time of return to the free base from oxalate require crystallization purification by oxalate in the removal of contaminants of positional isomers, in 4) fifth step, 5) sixth step The Mitsunobu by reproducibility poor require water control in the Mitsunobu reaction used in the ring closure compounds to (1) compounds in (6), 6) ring closure reaction, departing management of the reagent added or the like is generated, in 7) Seventh Step it takes a complicated purification in impurity removal after the reaction, resulting in a decrease in isolated yield. These are issues that must be solved in order to provide a stable supply of raw material for pharmaceuticals high chemical purity is required.

Thus, gentle salt thereof, or the environment isoquinoline derivative comprising a compound represented by the formula (1), the present invention provides a novel production method having good reproducibility and high purity easily and in high yield I intended.

As a result of intensive studies in view of such circumstances, the present inventors, in the manufacturing process of the final target compound shown by the following expression

(Wherein represents a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or ^iodine, _may, ^{R 3} and 1, ^{R 2 R} represents a _{C 1-4} alkyl group be the same or different from each other, and P, ^{X 1} is a protecting group shows a, 0 to m represents an integer of 3, 0 to n is. represents an integer of 3)

Is a urea-based solvents nitrile solvents, amide solvents, sulfoxide or solvents, the solvent may be preferably used in the coupling step of the compound (III) and (II) are generally very short time With these solvents It has been found that can be converted to the desired product quantitatively. It is possible to carry out the coupling step Volume scale while maintaining a high yield by using these solvents, there is no need to use a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent to give significant adverse environment. In consideration of the process such as removal of the solvent after the reaction was further found that acetonitrile is the best among these solvents. Also, since by using hydrochloric acid with ethyl acetate solvent in step deprotection can be isolated as crystal of hydrochloride desired compound (I), without going through the manipulation of solvent evaporation complicated , it has been found that it is possible to obtain the object compound (I) is a simpler operating procedure. Since there is no need to use a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent in this deprotection step further, there is no possibility of harming the environment.

It has been found that it is possible in mass production of (II), leading to the target compound purity, in high yield with good reproducibility as compared with the conventional method compounds are important intermediates in the coupling step further. That is, was it possible to lead to the intermediate high purity and in high yield by eliminating the production of a harmful halogenated hydrocarbon solvent to the environment in this manner. 1,4 addition – in order to avoid the problems encountered in the reaction using sodium hydride in dimethyl sulfoxide in forming the diazepane ring, in order to allow the cyclization reaction at mild conditions more, as a protecting group By performing the Mitsunobu reaction using Noshiru group instead of the carbobenzyloxy group, in addition to one step shorten the manufacturing process of the whole, without deteriorating the optical purity was successfully obtained the desired compound desired.

SEE

WO-2014174747http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2014174747&recNum=1&maxRec=&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=&tab=PCT+Biblio

H-NMR spectral analysis

CAS NO. 223645-67-8, 4-fluoro-5-[[(2S)-2-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]sulfonyl]isoquinoline H-NMR spectral analysis

C-NMR spectral analysis

CAS NO. 223645-67-8, 4-fluoro-5-[[(2S)-2-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]sulfonyl]isoquinoline C-NMR spectral analysis

·

WO1997028130A1	Jan 31, 1997	Aug 7, 1997	Hiroyoshi Hidaka	Isoquinoline derivatives and drugs
WO1999020620A1	Oct 22, 1998	Apr 29, 1999	Hiroyoshi Hidaka	Isoquinoline derivative and drug
WO2006057397A1	Nov 29, 2005	Jun 1, 2006	Hiroyoshi Hidaka	(s)-(-)-1-(4-fluoroisoquinolin-5-yl)sulfonyl-2-methyl-1,4­homopiperazine hydrochloride dihydrate
JP2006290827A				Title not available
JP2006348028A				Title not available
JPH11171885A *				Title not available
JPS61227581A *				Title not available

CAS 864953-29-7

[3-[2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-4-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate

• BMS 663068
• BMS663068
• Fostemsavir tromethamine
• UNII-2X513P36U0

Fostemsavir tromethamine [USAN], cas 864953-39-9, mw 704.6303

BMS-663068 is an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor in development for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. BMS-663068 is a prodrug for BMS-626529 which binds to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and interferes with attachment of the virus to the cellular CD4 receptor. Administration of BMS-663068 for 8 days with or without ritonavir resulted in substantial declines in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and was generally well tolerated. Longer-term clinical trials of BMS-663068 as part of combination antiretroviral therapy are warranted.

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_de171b9b0102v10z.html

……………………………………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/US7601715

Example 6Preparation of Compound I from Compound D′ (Example 5)

N-Benzoylpiperazine HCl, Compound D^b, (11.73 g, 51.74 mmol) was added to a mixture of Compound D′ (14.83 g, 47.03 mmol) (prepared in Example 5) in dry THF (265 mL) and dry DMF (29.5 mL). NaOt-Bu, 30% w/w (52.3 mL, 147 mmol) was added dropwise (30 min.) keeping the temperature at 17-21° C. The resulting yellow slurry was stirred at 17-20° for 1 h more, then cooled to about 5° C. The mixture was slowly poured into cold water (90 mL) and the flask rinsed with additional water (10 mL). The pH of the resulting yellow solution was adjusted to 6-7 with slow addition (˜20 min., 5-12° C.) of 1 N HCl (105 mL). The resulting slurry was warmed and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The slurry was filtered and the cake washed with water (2×60 mL) then dried in vacuo at 65-70° C. for 5 h giving 18.4 g Compound I as a white solid (82.6%), HPLC AP 99.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ 2.48 (s, 3H), 3.43 (b, 4H), 3.67 (b, 4H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 7.45 (s, 5H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 9.22 (s, 1H), 12.39 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, d₆-DMSO): 13.85, 40.65, 45.22, 56.85, 114.19, 121.02, 122.78, 123.65, 127.06, 128.42, 129.61, 129.70, 135.51, 138.59, 142.18, 149.23, 161.38, 166.25, 169.30, 185.51.

If necessary, the product could be further purified by recrystallization from acetic acid-water-ethanol, ethanol-water, or acetone-water. For example: A mixture of Compound I (25.0 g), glacial acetic acid (260 mL) and DI water (13.8 mL) was heated to 80° C. and held with stirring (overhead) until a solution was obtained (40 min.). The batch was cooled to 70° C. and seeded (0.5 g). With slow agitation (100 rpm), EtOH (300 mL) was added slowly (1 h), keeping the temperature at 70° C. The resulting slurry was kept at 70° C. for 1 h more with very slow stirring. The slurry was cooled to 20° C. over 2 hours and held at 20° C. for over 4 hours. The slurry was filtered, the wet cake washed with EtOH (125 mL), and the solid dried in vacuo at 70° C. (≧16 h), giving 22.6 g Compound I as a white solid (88.4%).

………………………..

J. Org. Chem. 2014;79: 8757-8767

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo5016008

The development of a short and efficient synthesis of a complex 6-azaindole, BMS-663068, is described. Construction of the 6-azaindole core is quickly accomplished starting from a simple pyrrole, via a regioselective Friedel–Crafts acylation, Pictet–Spengler cyclization, and a radical-mediated aromatization. The synthesis leverages an unusual heterocyclic N-oxide α-bromination to functionalize a critical C–H bond, enabling a highly regioselective copper-mediated Ullmann–Goldberg–Buchwald coupling to install a challenging triazole substituent. This strategy resulted in an efficient 11 step linear synthesis of this complex clinical candidate

Attachment inhibitor BMS-663068 is currently in clinical development for the treatment of HIV infection. Key steps in the synthesis depicted are (1) a radical-mediated redox-aromatization to generate the 6-azaindole (B → C) and (2) the regioselective bromination of an N-oxide using PyBroP (D → E).

High regioselectivity was observed in the copper(I)-mediated Ullmann–Goldberg–Buchwald coupling (H → K) using the diamine ligand J (N1/N2 = 22:1), whereas a thermal S_NAr reaction gave N1/N2 = 1:1. Alternative conditions for the bromination of the N-oxide D led mainly to deoxygenation.

………………………………….

US 20050209246

http://www.google.com/patents/US20050209246

Preparation of Compound IVc

Procedure: To a solution of the acid 6-81 (3.01 g, 10 mmol) and benzoylpiperazine hydrochloride (3.39 g, 15 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added triethylamine (10.1 g, 100 mmol, 10 eq.), followed by 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC; 5.75 g, 30 mmol) under N₂ and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 22 h after sonication and at 40° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove DMF and TEA, and to the residual solution was added water (200 mL) under stirring and sonication. The precipitates formed were collected, washed with water and dried in vacuo to obtain 2.8 g (5.9 mmol, Y. 59%) of the title compound IVc as off-white solid. The filtrate was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (x2). The CH₂Cl₂ extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to gum which was triturated with Et₂O to obtain a solid. This solid was suspended and triturated with MeOH to obtain 400 mg of the title compound IVc as off-white solid. Total yield: 3.2 g (6.8 mmol, Y. 68%): MS m/z 474 (MH); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₄H₂₄N₇O₄ (M+H) 474.1890, found 474.1884 (Δ-1.2 ppm); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm 2.50 (3H, s, overlapped with DMSO peaks), 3.43 (4H, br, CH₂N), 3.68 (4H, br, CH₂N), 3.99 (3H, s, CH₃O), 7.46 (5H, br. s, Ar—Hs), 7.88 (1H, s, indole-H-5), 8.25 (1H, s, indole-H-2), 9.25 (1H, s, triazole-H-5), 12.40 (1H, s, NH); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm 13.78 ,40.58, 45.11, 56.78, 114.11, 120.95, 122.71, 123.60, 126.98, 128.34, 129.6, 135.43, 138.52, 142.10, 149.15, 161.29, 166.17, 169.22, 185.42; UV (MeOH) λ max 233.6 nm (ε 3.43×10⁴), 314.9 nm (ε 1.73×10⁴); Anal: Calc for C₂₄H₂₄N₇O_4.1/5H₂O; C, 60.42; H, 4.94; N, 20.55, Found; C 60.42, H 5.03, N 20.65; KF (H₂O) 0.75%.

This reaction can also be performed by use of HATU and DMAP to provide more consistent yield of the title compound: To a suspension of the acid 6-81 (15.6 mmol) and HATU [O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophos phonate] (8.90 g, 23.4 mmol; 1.5 eq.) in DMF (60 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was added a mixture of DMAP (5.72 g, 46.8 mmol, 3 eq.) and benzoylpiperazine hydrochloride (5.30 g, 23.4 mmol; 1.5 eq.) in DMF (60 mL) at room temperature and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hrs. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove CH₂Cl₂ and most of DMF, and to the residual solution was added water under stirring and sonication. The precipitates formed were collected, washed with water and dried in vacuo to obtain 5.38 g (11.4 mmol, Y. 72.8%) of the title compound IVc as off-white solid: HPLC >95% (AP, uv at 254 nm)

EXAMPLE 5Preparation of Ica, (Disodium Salt)

General Procedure: A suspension of IVc (0.24 g, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was treated with sodium hydride (60% oil dispersion, 0.08 g, 2.0 mmol), and stirred until gas evolution ceased (approximately 5 minutes). The reaction mixture was treated with iodine (0.13 g, 0.5 mmol) and stirred for 2-3 minutes followed by addition of di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate (1.6 g, 6.0 mmol, crude). A stream of nitrogen was allowed to pass over the reaction to facilitate the removal of much or all of the THF. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. HPLC analysis of crude indicated starting IVc (ca. 56%) and desired adduct (ca. 32%).

Several crude reaction mixtures (a total of 6.7 mmol based on starting material IVc) were re-dissolved in dichloromethane, combined, concentrated in vacuo to remove any remaining THF. The residue was suspended in dichloromethane and TFA (1:1, approximately 40 mL total volume). The mixture was stirred for 1.5-2 hours and then solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was suspended in dichloromethane and extracted into water (approximately 60 mL) made weakly basic with solid or aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was reduced in volume by rotary evaporator if required and the solution was loaded onto a C-18 reverse phase column (approximately 80 g of C-18, YMC ODS-Aq, 50 micron) and eluted with water, followed by water containing 2.5% acetonitrile. Fractions containing pure product were pooled and organic solvent was removed by rotary evaporator. Purified product was recovered after lyophilization to give 1.00 g (1.30 mmol, 19% over 2 steps) of the title compound Ica (disodium salt) as an off-white powder: HPLC purity>99% AP at 254 nm (gradient 0-100% B/A; A 10% CH₃CN-90% H₂O-0.1% TFA, B 90% CH₃CN-10% H₂O-0.1 % TFA, gradient time 4 min, column YMC ODS-Aq 4.6×50 mm 3 micron); MS-ESI— m/z 482 (M−H minus 2Na)⁻; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₇O₈P (M+H minus 2Na)⁺584.1659, found 584.1651 (Δ-1.3 ppm); ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ ppm 2.53, 2.54 (3H, 2s), 3.56 (2H, s, CH₂N), 3.72 (2H, br.s, CH₂N), 3.78, 3.83 (2H, 2br.s, CH₂N), 3.94, 3.96 (2H, 2br.s, CH₂N), 4.14 (3H, s, CH₃O), 5.38, 5.40 (2H, 2d, J=11 Hz), 7.45-7.59 (5H, m, Ar—Hs), 8.07, 8.09 (1H, 2s, indole-H-5), 8.64, 8.67 (1H, 2s, indole-H-2), 8.87, 8.89 (1H, 2s, triazole-H-5); ¹³C NMR (125.7 MHz, D₂O) δ ppm 15.43 (N-Me), 44.03, 44.47, 44.66, 45.05, 48.20, 48.82, 49.60, 50.23, 59.78 (OMe), 75.81 (NCH₂O), 115.6, 126.0, 127.2, 129.6, 131.0, 131.7, 132.1, 133.5, 136.8, 147.6, 150.1, 154.2, 164.8, 170.4, 175.8, 189.2; UV (H₂O) λmax 220 nm (ε 3.91×10⁴), 249 nm (ε 2.00×10⁴), 303 nm (ε 1.60×10⁴); Anal: Calc for C₂₅H₂₄N₇O₈PNa₂. 8H₂O. 0.2NaHCO₃; C, 38.39; H, 5.14; N, 12.44, P, 3.93, Na, 6.42 Found; C, 38.16; H, 4.81; N, 12.43, P, 3.72, Na, 6.05; KF (H₂O) 17.3%. A less pure fractions were collected to obtain 0.22 g (0.29 mmol, Y. 4%) of the title compound Ica (disodium salt): HPLC purity>95% (AP at 254 nm).

EXAMPLE 7Preparation of Crystalline Ic (Free Acid Mono-Hydrate)

To a mixture of IVc (600 mg, 1.27 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 ml) in an oven-dried round bottle flask under nitrogen at r.t. was added NaH (153 mg, 6.38 mmol, dry powder, 95%), and the white suspension stirred until no gas evolution was observed. The mixture was then added I₂ (375 mg, 1.48 mmol), and stirred at r.t. for 3 h. To the reaction mixture was added NaH (153 mg, 6.38 mmol, dry powder, 95%), and the mixture stirred for about 5 to 10 min. The crude chloromethyl di-tert-butylphosphate (2.0 g, about 1.6 ml, 7.79 mmol) was added to the mixture, which was then stirred at r.t. for 15 h. LCMS analysis of the reaction showed a >97% conversion of the starting material. After evaporation of the volatiles, the residue was added CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml), cooled in an ice-water bath, slowly added TFA (10 ml) and stirred at r.t. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then evaporated, and the residue partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and H₂O (50 ml). The CH₂Cl₂ layer was poured into the reaction flask that contained some undissolved brownish solid, and this mixture was extracted with a dilute aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (50 ml). The aqueous mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (solvent A: 10% MeOH-90% H₂O-0.1% TFA; solvent B: 90% MeOH-10% H₂O-0.1% TFA; start % B=0, final % B=100; gradient time=6 min; flow rate=45 ml/min; column: phenomenex-Luna 30×50 mm, S5; fraction collected: 3.65 to 4.05 min). The fractions collected were evaporated to dryness, and the residue dried under high vacuum to obtain the acid Ic as a pale yellow solid (356.6 mg); ¹H NMR: (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.47 (b s, 5H), 5.93 (d, J=12, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.00-3.40 (b s, 8H), 2.53 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR analysis showed that the material contained residual TFA, (the percentage was not quantified); Analytical HPLC method: Start % B=0, Final % B=100, Gradient time=2 min, Flow Rate=5 mL/min, Column: Xterra MS C18 7u 3.0×50 mm, LC/MS: (ES+) m/z (M+H)⁺=584, HPLC R_t=0.983.

172.2 mg of the purified acid Ic was dissolved in 1 ml of H₂O and then about 0.3 ml of absolute EtOH (200 proof) was added. The mixture was left standing in a refrigerator (temperature about 3° C.) overnight, after which time, crystalline material was observed. The mixture was then warmed to ambient temperature, diluted with H₂O to a volumn of 3 mL, and then 20 mL of MeCN was added slowly. Following the completion of addition, the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h and then filtered. The solid collected (90 mg) was dried in vacuo, and then under high vacuum. This material was shown by powder x-ray studies to be crystalline; Elemental Analysis calculated for C₂₅H₂₆N₇O₈P.H₂O: C 49.92; H 4.69; N 16.30; observed: C 49.66; H 4.62; N 15.99; mp=205° C. (measured by differential scanning calorimetry). The 1H NMR pattern for crystalline material was compared with that from the purified acid and both were consistent with the structure.

EXAMPLE 10Preparation of Icb (mono tromethamine salt): [3-[(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)(oxo)acetyl]-4-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2, 3-c]pyridin-1-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol salt (1:1). The sequence of reactions is described in Scheme for Example 10.

Scheme for Example 10

Preparation of di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate

A mixture of tetrabutylammonium di-tert-butyl phosphate (57 g, 0.126 mol, Digital Specialty Chemicals) and chloroiodomethane (221 g, 1.26 mol) was stirred at room temperature for four hours before the volatiles were removed under vacuum. 500 ml of ethyl ether was added to the residue and insoluble solid was filtered away. Concentration of the filtrate in vacuo and removal of remaining volatiles using a vacuum pump provided di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate as a light brown or yellow oil, which was utilized in the next step without further purification.

Preparation of IIc: (3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl)methyl di-tert-butyl phosphate

NaH (2.6 g, 10.3 mmol, 95% in oil, Seq.) was added slowly into a suspension of IVc (10.0 g, 21.1 mmol) in dry THF (100 ml) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 0.5 hour at room temperature. A solution of iodine (5.27 g, 20.8 mmol) dissolved in dry THF (10 ml) was added slowly into the stirring solution at a rate which prevented foaming or a violent reaction. The resultant mixture was stirred for an additional 3 hours before a second 2.6 g portion of NaH was introduced. After 15 minutes at ambient temperature di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate, the entire batch of di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate, obtained from step one, was added. After stirring for 16 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into iced NH₄OAc (30%) (120 ml), followed by extraction with EtOAc (3×300 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (100 ml) and then brine (100 ml), dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under vacuum to afford a residue, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (elution with EtOAc/Et₃N (50/1) and then EtOAc/MeOH (100/1)) to give 8.0 g (˜75% AP, ˜41% yield) of diester IIc as a light yellow solid.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ8.82 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.47 (b, 5H), 6.00 (d, 2H, J=14.5 Hz), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.00-3.40 (b, 8H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 18H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₃OD) δ18.6, 176.4, 172.9, 168.0, 162.6, 152.6, 147.5, 144.0, 136.5, 131.5, 130.8, 129.9, 129.1, 128.3, 126.1, 124.0, 116.2, 85.8, 75.4, 61.6, 57.7, 30.1, 22.2, 13.7; HRMS m/z: (M+H)⁺ calcd for C₃₃H₄₃N₇O₈P 696.29, found 696.34.

Preparation of Icb (mono L tromethamine salt): [3-[(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)(oxo)acetyl]-4-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol salt (1:1)

500 mg (˜p75 AP, 0.54 mmol) of diester IIc was dissolved in a mixture of water (2.5 ml) and acetone (2.5 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 hours to complete the solvolysis. To this reaction mixture was added 3.0M aqueous TRIS (mono tromethamine) solution to adjust pH to 3.32. Acetone (30 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture in 1 hour.* After complete addition of acetone, the solution was stirred overnight to complete the crystallization of Icb. The solid was collected by filtration and rinsed with 20:1 acetone-water (2×5 mL). The white crystalline solid was dried under house vacuum under nitrogen atomosphere at 50° C. for 24 h to afford 290 mg of Icb (>98.5 AP).
*After adding about 15 and 20 ml of acetone, the reaction mixture was seeded with crystalline Icb.

Icb obtained in the above operation: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ8.83 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H) 7.49 (b, 5H), 5.469 (d, 2H, J=13 Hz), 4.11 (s, 3H), 4.00-3.40 (m, 8H), 3.66 (s, 6H), 2.50 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₃OD) δ185.6, 171.9, 167.4, 161.4, 151.7, 146.9, 143.8, 135.4, 130.3, 129.7, 128.8, 127.2, 124.9, 122.6, 114.3, 73.5, 61.8, 59.9, 56,5, 46.0, 41.7, 12.6. HRMS m/z: (M-trisamine+H)⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₇O₈P 584.1659, found 584.1664. Anal. Calcd. C, 49.43; H, 5.29; N, 15.90; P, 4.39; found: C, 49.18; H, 5.38; N, 15.59; P, 4.26. Melting Point 203° C.

Obtained via other process (hydrolysis with TFA in methylene chloride), salt Icb is ˜1 molar mono tromethamine salt with 0.47% of water, 0.1% of acetone and 0.05% of methanol. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, d₆-DMSO, 30° C.) δ8.77 (s, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H) 7.44 (b, 5H), 5.42 (d, 2H, J=15 Hz), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.30 (m, 8H), 3.41 (s, 6H), 2.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃, 30° C.) δ184.8, 169.0, 165.8, 160.3, 150.4, 146.2, 143.2, 135.4, 129.4, 128.9, 128.2, 127.7, 126.9, 123.2, 122.2, 112.9, 72.3, 60.7, 59.0, 56.7, 13.4. MS m/z: (M-trisamine+H)⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₇O₈P 584.2, found 584.0. Anal. Calcd. C, 49.11; H, 5.37; N, 15.76; P, 4.32; found: C, 48.88; H, 5.28; N, 15.71; P, 4.16. M.P. 201-205° C.

EXAMPLE 13Alternate preparation of Icb (Pro-drug of IVc)

To a 10 L reactor equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, distillation apparatus, and nitrogen inlet was charged IVc (200.00 g, 422.39 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (344.06 g, 1.06 mol), KI (140.24 g, 844.81 mmol) and NMP (1.00 L, 10.38 mol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature resulting in a light brown heterogeneous suspension. Di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate (273.16 g, 1.06 mol) was added via addition funnel and the reaction mixture was heated to 30° C. for 16-24 hours with stirring after which time the reaction was cooled to 5° C. To the reaction was added DCM (1.5 L) then the reaction was slowly quenched with water (3.5 L) maintaining the reaction temperature under 20° C. resulting in a biphasic mixture. The product rich bottom layer was separated, washed with water (3.5 L×3), then transferred back to the reactor. The solution was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 1 L keeping the temperature below 25° C. IPA was added (2 L) then the reaction was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 2 L keeping the temperature below 25° C. The reaction was then seeded with IIc (0.200 g), stirred overnight at room temperature resulting in a slurry. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was washed with MTBE (1 L), dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. overnight resulting in a yellow/white powder (207.1 g, 70%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 5H), 5.95 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.97-3.36 (m, 8H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.27 (s, 18H); ³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 184.64, 170.65, 165.91, 161.60, 150.82, 145.38, 141.89, 134.96, 130.20, 129.59, 128.68, 127.58, 127.10, 124.77, 122.64, 115.22, 83.90, 83.83, 73.69, 73.63, 56.95, 46.04, 41.66, 29.61, 29.56, 13.90; ES⁺ MS m/z (rel. intensity) 696 (MH⁺,10), 640 (MH⁺-isobutylene, 30), 584 (MH⁺-2 isobutylene, 100).

To a 10 L 4 neck reactor equipped with a thermocouple, overhead stirrer, condenser and nitrogen inlet was added IIc (200.24 g, 287.82 mmol), acetone (800.00 ml, 10.88 mol) and water (800.00 ml, 44.41 mol). The reaction was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 18-24 hours. The reaction was cooled to 20° C. then tromethamine (33.62 g, 277.54 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to 40° C. then stirred for an additional hour until all solids were dissolved. The reaction was cooled to 20° C. then filtered through a 10 micron cuno filter into a 10 L 4 neck reactor equipped with a thermocouple, overhead stirrer, and nitrogen inlet. Acetone (3 L) was added rapidly, followed by seeding with Icb (0.500 g), then additional acetone (3 L) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight resulting in a slurry then filtered. The wet cake was washed with acetone (800 ml) then dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. overnight resulting in a fluffy white powder (165.91 g, 82%).

Supplementary Information:

Isolation of the Free-Acid Intermediate IC:

In a 250 mL 3 neck reactor equipped with a thermocouple, overhead stirrer, condenser and nitrogen inlet was added IIc (10.0 g, 14.37 mmol), acetone (40.00 ml, 544.15 mmol) and water (40.00 ml, 2.22 mol). The reaction was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 14-24 hours. The reaction was cooled to 20° C. then stirred for three hours, resulting in a slurry. The slurry was filtered, then the wet cake washed with acetone (40.00 ml) then dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. overnight resulting in a fluffy white powder (7.00 g, 83%). NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 5H), 5.81 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.91-3.19 (m, 8H), 2.39 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 185.20, 169.32, 165.85, 160.75, 150.51, 146.30, 143.24, 135.53, 129.74, 129.22, 128.46, 127.34, 127.09, 123.67, 122.73, 113.94, 72.90 (d, ²J_C-P=5 Hz), 57.01, 45.2 (bs), 40.8 (bs), 13.66. ES⁺ MS m/z (rel. intensity) 486 (MH⁺−H₃PO₄, 100).

ICOTINIB

4-((3-ethynylphenyl)amino)-6,7-benzo-12-crown-4-quinazoline

N-(3-Ethynylphenyl)-7,8,10,11,13,14-hexahydro[1,4,7,10]tetraoxacyclododecino[2,3-g]quinazolin-4-amine

[1,4,7,10]Tetraoxacyclododecino[2,3-g]quinazolin-4-amine, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-7,8,10,11,13,14-hexahydro-

BPI 2009H, UNII-JTD32I0J83

610798-31-7  CAS BASE

Icotinib Hydrochloride, 1204313-51-8, CS-0918, HY-15164, Conmana Zhejiang Beta Pharma Ltd.

CLINICALS………http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Icotinib

Icotinib Hydrochloride (BPI-2009H), or Icotinib, is a highly selective, first generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). EGFR is an oncogenic driver and patients with somatic mutations, particularly an exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation, within the tyrosine kinase domain have activating mutations that lead to unchecked cell proliferation. Overexpression of EGFR causes inappropriate activation of the anti-apoptotic Ras signaling pathway, found in many different types of cancer. Icotinib is a quinazoline derivative that binds reversibly to the ATP binding site of the EGFR protein, preventing completion of the signal transduction cascade.^[1]

Clinical Evaluation

Icotinib is indicated for the treatment for EGFR mutation-positive, advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a second-line or third-line treatment, for patients who have failed at least one prior treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. The ICOGEN trial was a double-blind, head-to-head phase III study comparing icotinib with gefitinib in all-comers. From 27 centers in China, 399 patients were randomized between the two treatments testing for a primary objective of progression-free survival and secondary objectives of overall survival, time to progression, quality of life, percentage of patients who achieved an objective response, and toxic effects. The ICOGEN results showed icotinib to have a median PFS of 4.6 months (95% CI 3.5 – 6.3) as compared to gefitinib which has a PFS of 3.4 months (95% CI 2.3 – 3.8). After the study was completed, post-hoc analysis revealed that in the icotinib treatment group, patients with activating EGFR mutations showed improved PFS as compared to patients with wild-type EGFR. Icotinib also was associated with fewer adverse events than gefitinib when considering all grades of reactions together (61% versus 70% respectively, p = 0.046).^[2] The phase IV ISAFE trial evaluated 5,549 patients and showed icotinib to have an overall response rate of 30% and a low adverse event rate of 31.5%.^[3]

Regulatory Approvals

Icotinib was approved in China by the SFDA in June, 2011.^[4] Since approval, Icotinib has treated over 40,000 patients in China successfully and is now undergoing global development.

January 2014, Beta Pharma, Inc. was given a “May Proceed” from the US FDA to conduct a Phase I study for the evaluation of icotinib as a treatment of EGFR+ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

Icotinib is a potent and specific EGFR inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM, including the EGFR, EGFR(L858R), EGFR(L861Q), EGFR(T790M) and EGFR(T790M, L858R). Phase 4.Icotinib hydrochloride is the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase targeting a new generation of targeted anti-cancer drugs, completely independent from the original tumor clinical practitioners and experts of science, through eight years of the development, its first adaptation disease is advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Icotinib is an orally available quinazoline-based inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Icotinib selectively inhibits the wild-type and several mutated forms of EGFR tyrosine kinase. This may lead to an inhibition of EGFR-mediated signal transduction and may inhibit cancer cell proliferation. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. Icotinib was approved in China in 2011

Icotinib has been found to be noninferior to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), according to reports from the phase III Chinese double-blind ICOGEN study.

“[I]cotinib is a valid therapeutic option for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer as a second-line or third-line treatment, although patients might find taking icotinib three times a day an inconvenience,” write Yan Sun (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China) and colleagues.

Icotinib is an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that has exhibited good antitumor activity in phase II studies. However, it has a shorter half-life than gefitinib, another TKI, which means that it needs to be taken more often.

…

• Tyrosine kinase receptors are trans-membrane proteins that, in response to an extracellular stimulus, propagate a signaling cascade to control cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and other important features of cell growth. One class of such receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases, are over-expressed in many human cancers, including brain, lung, liver, bladder, breast, head and neck, esophagus, gastrointestinal, breast, ovary, cervix or thyroid cancer.
• EGFR is expressed in many types of tumor cells. Binding of cognate ligands (including EGF, TGFα (i.e., Transforming Growth Factor-α) and neuregulins) to the extracellular domain causes homo- or heterodimerization between family members; the juxtaposition of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domains results in transphosphorylation of specific tyrosine, serine and threonine residues within each cytoplasmic domain. The formed phosphotyrosines act as docking sites for various adaptor molecules and subsequent activation of signal transduction cascades (Ras/mitogen-activated, PI3K/Akt and Jak/STAT) that trigger proliferative cellular responses.
• Various molecular and cellular biology and clinical studies have demonstrated that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors can block cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and other EGFR-related signal transduction responses to achieve clinical anti-tumor therapeutic effects. Two oral EGFR kinase inhibitors with similar chemical structures are Gefitinib (Iressa; AstraZeneca), approved by the U.S. FDA for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in 2003 (and later withdrawn), and Erlotinib Hydrochloride (Tarceva; Roche and OSI), approved by the U.S. FDA for advanced non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer treatment in 2004.
• Chinese Patent Publication No. CN1305860C discloses the structure of 4-[(3-ethynyl-phenyl)amino]-6,7-benzo-12-crown-quinoline (free base) on page 29, Example 15, Compound 23.

Icotinib was launched in China in August 2011, after approval by the State Food and Drug Administration. It is a targeted EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor that, like erlotinib (Tarceva) and gefitinib (Iressa), shows benefit in patients with EGFR m+ NSCLC.

……………………………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2392576A1

•  Formula I (Icotinib hydrochloride):

Method 1:

Method 2:

Method 3:

• BPI-02 is obtained by recrystallization.

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2392576A1 Example 1Step 1

• Preparation: 16 kg (400 mol) of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 80 L of water in a 400 L reactor, and then 18.8 L (140 mol) of triethylene glycol, 32 L of THF were added into the reactor. After cooling below 5 °C, a solution of 47.84 kg (260 mol) of tosyl chloride and 50 L of THF was added dropwise. Following the addition, the reaction mixture was kept at this temperature for 2 hours, and it was then poured into 240 L of ice water. The precipitate was formed and filtered, washed with a small amount of water, and dried. 58.64 kg of BPI-01 as a white crystalline powder was yielded at 91.4%. mp: 77-80 °C, HPLC: 97%. TLC (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 1:1) Rf = 0.87.
• NMR data: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ ppm: 7.78 (d, 4H, J = 10.4 Hz, benzene protons by sulfonyl group); 7.34 (d, 4H, J = 11.6 Hz, benzene protons by methyl group); 4.129 (dd, 4H, J = 5.6 Hz, ethylene protons by the sulfonyl group); 3.64 (dd, 4H, J = 5.6 Hz, ethylene protons away from the sulfonyl group); 3.517 (s, 4H, ethylene protons in the middle); 2.438 (s, 6H, methyl protons on the benzene).

Step 2

• Preparation: A solution containing 3.64 kg (20 mol) of ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 12.4 kg (89.6 mol) of potassium carbonate in 300 L of N,N-dimethylformamide was stirred and heated to 85-90 °C for about 30 minutes. A solution of 9.17 kg (20 mol) of BPI-01 in 40 L of N,N-dimethylformamide was added dropwise over 1.5-2 hours. After the addition, the reaction was kept for 30 minutes; the reaction completion was confirmed by TLC (developing solvent: petroleum ether:ethyl acetate = 1:1, Rf = 0.58). The reaction mixture was removed from the reactor and filtered. Then, the filtrate was evaporated to remove N,N-dimethylformamide; 240 L of ethyl acetate was added to dissolve the residue. After filtration and vacuum evaporation, the residual solution was extracted with 300 L of petroleum ether. After evaporation of the petroleum ether, the residual solids were re-crystallized with isopropanol in a ratio of 1:2.5 (W/V); 1.68 kg of BPI-02 as a white powder was obtained in a yield of 28%. mp: 73-76 °C, HPLC: 96.4%. NMR data: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ ppm: 7.701 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, benzene proton at position 6); 7.68 (s, 1 H, benzene proton at position 2); 6.966 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz, benzene proton at position 5); 4.374-3.81 (q, 2H, J = 9.6 Hz, methylene protons of the ethyl); 3.78-4.23 (dd, 12H, J = 4.8 Hz, crown ether protons); 1.394 (t, 3H, J = 9.6 Hz, methyl protons of the ethyl). MS: m/z 296.

Step 3

• Preparation: A solution of 592 g (2 mol) of BPI-02 and 600 mL of acetic acid in a 5 L reaction flask was cooled to 0°C; 1640 mL (25.4 mol) of concentrated nitric acid was slowly added. The internal temperature should not exceed 10 °C. While cooled below 0°C, 1 L of concentrated sulfuric acid was added dropwise. The internal temperature should not be higher than 5°C. After the addition, the reaction was kept at 0-5 °C for 1-2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was poured into 15 L of ice water in a plastic bucket. After mixing, filtration, and re-crystallization in ethanol, 449 g of BPI-03 as a light yellow to yellow crystalline powder was obtained in 65.7% yield. mp: 92-95 °C, HPLC: 98.2%. TLC (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate =1:1) Rf = 0.52. NMR data: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ ppm: 7.56 (s, 1H, benzene proton at position 5); 7.20 (s, 1H, benzene proton at position 2); 4.402 (q, 2H, J = 9.2 Hz, methylene protons of the ethyl); 4.294 (dd, 12H, J = 4.8 Hz, crown ether protons); 1.368 (t, 3H, J = 9.2 Hz, methyl protons of the ethyl).

Step 4

• Preparation: In a 3 L hydrogenation reactor, 2 L of methanol and 195 g (0.57 mol) of BPI-03 were added, and then 63 mL of acetyl chloride was slowly added. After a short stir, 33 g of Pd/C containing 40% water was added. The reaction was conducted under 4 ATM hydrogen until hydrogen absorption stopped, and then the reaction was kept for 1-2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was transferred into a 5 L reactor. After filtration, crystallization, and filtration, the product was obtained. The mother liquor was concentrated under vacuum, and more product was obtained. The combined crops were 168 g of BPI-04 as a white to pink crystalline powder in a yield of 85%. mp: 198-201 °C, HPLC: 99.1 %. TLC (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 1:1) Rf = 0.33. NMR data: ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ ppm: 8-9 (br., 3H, 2 protons of the amino group and a proton of the hydrochloric acid); 7.37 (s, 1H, benzene proton at position 5); 6.55 (s, 1H , benzene proton at position 2); 4.25 (q, 2H, J = 7.06 Hz, methylene protons of the ethyl); 4.05 (dd, 12H, J = 4.04 Hz, crown ether protons); 1.31 (t, 3H, J = 7.06 Hz, methyl protons of the ethyl).

Step 5

• Preparation: 1105 g (3.175 mol)of BPI-04, 4810 g (106.9 mol) of formamide, and 540 g (8.55 mol) of ammonium formate were added to a 10 L 3-neck bottle. The reaction mixture was heated to 165 °C under reflux for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, 3 L of water was added, and then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. After filtration, washing, and drying, 742 g of BPI-05 as a white crystalline powder was obtained in a yield of 80%. mp: 248-251 °C, HPLC: 99.78%. TLC (chloroform: methanol = 8:1) Rf = 0.55. NMR data: 1H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ ppm: 12.06 (s, 1H, NH of the quinazoline); 8.0 (d, 1H, J = 3.28 Hz, proton of the quinazoline position 3); 7.62 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 6); 7.22 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 9); 4.25 (dd, 12H, J = 4.08 Hz, crown ether protons).

Step 6

• Preparation: 337 g (1.13 mol) of BPI-05, 7.1 L of chloroform, 1.83 L (19.58mol) of POCI₃ and 132 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide were added to a 10 L 3-neck bottle. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux temperature. After dissolution, reaction completion was checked by TLC (developing solvent: chloroform: methanol = 15:1, Rf = 0.56); the reaction took approximately 8 hours to complete. Then, the reaction solution was cooled and evaporated under vacuum to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 4 L of chloroform; 4 kg of crushed ice was poured into the solution and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hours. After separation, the aqueous phase was extracted twice with 2 L of chloroform. The organic phases were combined, 4 L of ice water was added and the pH was adjusted with 6 N NaOH to pH 8-9 while the temperature was maintained below 30 °C. After separation, the organic phase was washed with saturated NaCl, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvents removed by vacuum evaporation. The residual solids were washed with acetone and filtered; 268 g of BPI-06 as a white crystalline powder was obtained in a yield of 77% with mp: 164-167°C and HPLC purity of 99%. NMR data: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ ppm: 8.89 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 2); 7.68 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 9); 7.42 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 6); 4.38-3.81 (dd, 12H, J = 3.88 Hz, crown ether protons).

Step 7

• Preparation of the compound of the present invention: To a suspension of 20.8 g of BPI-06 in 500 mL of ethanol was added 25 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and a solution of 8.98 g m-acetylene aniline in 200 mL of isopropanol. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes until dissolved completely, and then the reaction solution was heated at reflux for 3 hours. After concentration and drying, the residual solids were dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with water, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Thus, 27.1 g of the compound of Formula I was obtained as a white crystalline powder. NMR data: ¹H-NMR (Bruker APX-400, solvent: DMSO-d₆, TMS as internal standard): δ ppm: 3.58 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 12); 3.60 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 13); 3.73 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 10); 3.80 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 15); 4.30 (s, 1H, proton of the alkynyl); 4.34 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 16); 4.40 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 9); 7.39 (d, 1H, benzene proton at position 25); 7.46 (dd, 1H, benzene proton at position 26); 7.49 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 6); 7.82 (d, 1H, benzene proton at position 27); 7.94 (t due dd, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 19); 8.85 (s, 1H, benzene proton at the position 23); 8.87 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 2); 11.70 (s, 1H, proton of the aromatic amine as salt); 14-16 (bs, 1H, hydrochloride), see Figure 5. NMR data: ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆), see Figure 6. Mass spectrometry (MS): Instrument: ZAB-HS, testing conditions: EI, 200°C, 700ev, MS measured molecular weight: m/z 427.

…………………………………..

https://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2013064128A1?cl=en&dq=icotinib&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1oi2UsP9LYa4rgfUzoF4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA

Synthesis of compound 1 A

1 Synthesis of Compound 2

2

79.5g 3,4 – dihydroxybenzene nitrile, 272g of potassium carbonate, acetonitrile (6L) was added to a 10L three-necked reaction flask, and dissolved with stirring, heated to reflux and reflux was added dropwise an acetonitrile solution of the compound 1 (compound 1, 200 g; acetonitrile , 2L), and completion of the dropping, the HPLC monitoring of the completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the solvent was removed, and the resulting solid was washed with ethyl acetate was dissolved, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated, the resulting residue was dissolved in petroleum ether by rotary evaporation, the resulting solid was purified to give 18.9g of the compound 2.

¹ LAI MR (CDC1 _3-Sppm): 7.30 ~ 7.33 (m, 1H); 7.25 (s, 1H); 6.97-6.99 (d, 1H); 4.19 – 4.23 (m, 4H); 3.83 ~ 3.91 (m, 4H); 3.77 (s, 4H). MS: (M + H) +250 2 Synthesis of compound A

2 A

41.6g of compound 2 was dissolved in 580ml of acetic acid, dropwise addition of 83ml of fuming nitric acid at 30 ° C under completion of the dropping, the dropwise addition of 42ml of concentrated sulfuric acid at 30 ° C under the reaction at room temperature overnight, TLC monitoring completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was poured into ice water 4L , the precipitated solid was filtered, washed with cold water (500 mL X 2), vacuum 35 ° C and dried crude A compound 46g, isopropanol recrystallization was purified to give 33g of compound A.

¹ LAI MR (CDC1 _3-Sppm): 7.90 (s, 1H); 7.36 (s, 1H); 4.33 ~ 4.36 (m, 4H); 3.87 ~ 3.89 (m, 4H); 3.737 (s, 4H). Embodiment of Example 2 Synthesis of Compound B

AB

32g of compound A, 30.5g of iron powder, 5% acetic acid solution in methanol 1070ml 2L reaction flask was heated to reflux

TLC monitoring of the end of the reaction cooled and concentrated, dissolved in ethyl acetate, filtered, dried over anhydrous NaS0 ₄ 23g of compound B. The solvent was removed.

1HNMR (d _{6-DMSO-Sppm):} 7.07 (s, 1H); 6.36 (s, 1H); 5.73 (s, 2H); 3.95 ~ 4.22 (m, 4H); 3.77-3.78 (m, 2H); 3.34 3.62 (m, 6H).Embodiment of Example 3 Synthesis of Compound CI

B CI

500mL three-necked flask, the Add 5g compound B, 5g v, v-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal and 160ml of dioxane was heated to reflux the TLC monitoring progress of the reaction, the reaction time is about 12 hours, after the end of the reaction The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, spin-dry to give 5.8g of compound Cl.

¹ LAI MR (CDCl _3-Sppm): 7.56 (s, 1H); 7.15 (s, 1H); 6.51 (s, 1H); 4.12-4.18 (m, 4H); 3.89-3.91 (m, 2H); 3.78 -3.80 (m, 6H); 3.07 (s, 6H); Example 4 Icotinib Synthesis

5 g of the compound Cl, 2.2 g inter-aminophenyl acetylene, 230ml of acetic acid was added to a 500 ml reaction flask was heated to 100 ° c,

TLC monitoring of the reaction. The end of the reaction, the reaction system spin dry methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtration, wash with methanol, 5g Icotinib.

^ M (d _{6-DMSO-5ppm):} 11.98 (s, IH); 9.50 (s, IH); 8.53 (s 1H); 8.14 (s, IH); 8.04-8.05 (m, IH); 7.90-7.92 (m, IH); 7.38-7.42 (m, IH); 7.31 (s IH); 7.20-7.22 (m, IH); 4.29-4.30 (m, 4H); 4.21 (s, IH); 3.74-3.81 ( m, 4H); 3.64 (s, 4H); 1.91 (s, 3H); Synthesis Example 5 Exe hydrochloride erlotinib

Exeter for Nick for; s

700mg Icotinib Add to a 100 ml reaction flask, add 40 ml of methanol, stirred pass into the hydrogen chloride gas or concentrated hydrochloric acid, and filtered to give crude hydrochloric acid Icotinib after, and purified by recrystallization from isopropanol to give 760mg hydrochloride Icotinib.

1HNMR (d _{6-DMSO-Sppm):} 11.37 (s, IH); 8.87 (s, IH); 8.63 (s, IH); 7.90 (s, IH); 7.78-7.80 (d, IH); 7.48-7.52 (m, IH); 7.40-7.41 (m, 2H); 4.36-4.38 (d, 4H); 4.30 (s, IH); 3.75-3.81 (d, 4H); 3.61 (s, 4H); Example 6 Synthesis of Compound B

AB

25g of compound A, 25 g of iron powder, 3% acetic acid in methanol solution 900ml with Example 2 are the same, to give 16.6g of compound B.

Embodiment of Example 7 Synthesis of Compound B

AB

40 g of compound A, 40 g of iron powder and 7% acetic acid in methanol solution was 1200ml, in Example 2, to give 28.4g of compound B.

Example 8 Compound B Synthesis

AB

25 g of compound A, 5 g of Pd / C in 3% acetic acid in methanol solution 900ml Add 2L reaction flask, of the hydrogen, TLC monitoring of the end of the reaction, filtered, and the solvent was removed to give 17g of compound B.

Example 9 Compound B Synthesis

AB

40g of compound A, 17 g of magnesium and 5% acetic acid in methanol solution 1200ml, in Example 2, to give 25.2g of compound B. Example 10 Compound B Synthesis

AB

25 g of compound A, 32.5g of zinc powder and 5% acetic acid in methanol solution 900ml with Example 2 are the same, to give 17.1g of compound B.

Example Synthesis of compound 11 B

AB

25g of compound A, 28 g of iron powder, 5% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol solution 700ml, in Example 2, 16g of compound B.

Embodiment Example 12 Synthesis of Compound C1

3g compound B, 3G v, v-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal and 140ml of dioxane, reflux the reaction time is 10-11 hours, the other in the same manner as in Example 3 to give 3.2g of the compound Cl.

Example 13 Synthesis of Compound C1

8g compound B, 8G N, v-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal and 180ml of dioxane under reflux for a reaction time of approximately 12-13 hours, with the same manner as in Example 3 to give 8.7g of compound C. Embodiment Example 14 Synthesis of Compound CI

3g compound B, 3 g of N, N-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal and 140ml of toluene, the reaction time is 13-15 hours under reflux, with the same manner as in Example 3 to give 2.9g of the compound Cl.

Example 15 Synthesis of Compound C1

The same as in Example 14, except that reaction time is 10 hours, to obtain 2.6g compound Cl _t

Embodiment Example 16 Synthesis of Compound C1

500mL three-necked flask, add 3 g of compound B, 3.7 g v, v-dimethylformamide, diethyl acetal and 140ml of dioxane was heated to reflux, TLC monitoring the progress of the reaction, the reaction time of approximately 11-12 hours, After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, spin-dry the reaction solution to give 2.5g of the compound Cl.

Example 17 Synthesis of Compound C1

G of compound B, 5.1 g of the N, N-dimethyl formamide di-t-butyl acetal was dissolved in 140ml dioxane was heated to reflux the TLC monitoring progress of the reaction, the reaction time of approximately 11-12 hours after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was spin-dry to give 2.6g of the compound Cl.

Embodiment Example 18 Synthesis of Compound CI

3g compound B, 4.4g N, N-dimethyl formamide diisopropyl acetal was dissolved in 140ml dioxane was heated to reflux, tlc monitoring the progress of the reaction, the reaction time of approximately 11-12 hours after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was spin-dry to give 2.4g of the compound Cl.

The implementation of the synthesis of Example 19 Icotinib

3g compound Cl, 1.3 g inter-aminophenyl acetylene, 130 ml of acetic acid was added 250 ml reaction flask and heated to 70-80

V, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtered, and the methanol wash was 2.8g Icotinib. Implementation of Example 20 Icotinib synthesis

C1 Icotinib

. Example 25 Icotinib Hydrochloride synthesis

Icotinib Hydrochloride

The 500mg Icotinib Add to a 100 ml reaction flask, add 30ml of ethanol was stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 515mg hydrochlorideIcotinib. Example 26 Icotinib Hydrochloride Synthesis

500mg Icotinib Add 100 ml reaction flask, add 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran was stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 500mg hydrochlorideIcotinib. EXAMPLE 27 Icotinib Hydrochloride Synthesis

500mg Icotinib Add 100 ml reaction flask, add 50 ml of isopropanol and stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 500mg hydrochloride Icotinib.

………………………………………………………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2392576A1 NMR data: ¹H-NMR (Bruker APX-400, solvent: DMSO-d₆, TMS as internal standard): δ ppm: 3.58 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 12); 3.60 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 13); 3.73 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 10); 3.80 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 15); 4.30 (s, 1H, proton of the alkynyl); 4.34 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 16); 4.40 (dd, 2H, two protons of the crown position 9); 7.39 (d, 1H, benzene proton at position 25); 7.46 (dd, 1H, benzene proton at position 26); 7.49 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 6); 7.82 (d, 1H, benzene proton at position 27); 7.94 (t due dd, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 19); 8.85 (s, 1H, benzene proton at the position 23); 8.87 (s, 1H, proton of the quinazoline position 2); 11.70 (s, 1H, proton of the aromatic amine as salt); 14-16 (bs, 1H, hydrochloride), see Figure 5. NMR data: ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆), see Figure 6. Mass spectrometry (MS): Instrument: ZAB-HS, testing conditions: EI, 200°C, 700ev, MS measured molecular weight: m/z 427.

………………………..

NEW PATENT

WO-2013064128

Zhejiang Beta Pharma Incorporation, 浙江贝达药业有限公司

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2013064128A1?cl=en

General synthetic route

Compound A, the present invention is provided for availability, but are not limited to, the following synthetic route to achieve:

The present invention is to provide beta available but are not limited to, the following synthetic route is now:

A BETA

The present invention is to provide a compound C, can be used, but are not limited to, the following synthetic route to achieve:

Wherein

And are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl, or

, And they are connected in common to the N atom form a 3-7 membered ring. R ₃ and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl or benzyl group, or,

R ₃ and R4 to form a 3-7 membered ring.

The present C can be used for the direct preparation of Icotinib:

Wherein

And are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl, or

, And they are connected in common to the N atom form a 3-7 membered ring.

Icotinib

Icotinib Hydrochloride

Example Synthesis of compound 1 A

1 Synthesis of Compound 2

2

79.5g 3,4 – dihydroxybenzene nitrile, 272g of potassium carbonate, acetonitrile (6L) was added to a 10L three-necked reaction flask, and dissolved with stirring, heated to reflux and reflux was added dropwise an acetonitrile solution of the compound 1 (compound 1, 200 g; acetonitrile , 2L), and completion of the dropping, the HPLC monitoring of the completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the solvent was removed, and the resulting solid was washed with ethyl acetate was dissolved, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated, the resulting residue was dissolved in petroleum ether by rotary evaporation, the resulting solid was purified to give 18.9g of the compound 2.

¹ LAI MR (CDC1 _3-Sppm): 7.30 ~ 7.33 (m, 1H); 7.25 (s, 1H); 6.97-6.99 (d, 1H); 4.19 – 4.23 (m, 4H); 3.83 ~ 3.91 (m, 4H); 3.77 (s, 4H). MS: (M + H) +250 2 Synthesis of compound A

2 A

41.6g of compound 2 was dissolved in 580ml of acetic acid, dropwise addition of 83ml of fuming nitric acid at 30 ° C under completion of the dropping, the dropwise addition of 42ml of concentrated sulfuric acid at 30 ° C under the reaction at room temperature overnight, TLC monitoring completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was poured into ice water 4L , the precipitated solid was filtered, washed with cold water (500 mL X 2), vacuum 35 ° C and dried crude A compound 46g, isopropanol recrystallization was purified to give 33g of compound A.

¹ LAI MR (CDC1 _3-Sppm): 7.90 (s, 1H); 7.36 (s, 1H); 4.33 ~ 4.36 (m, 4H); 3.87 ~ 3.89 (m, 4H); 3.737 (s, 4H). Embodiment of Example 2 Synthesis of Compound B

AB

32g of compound A, 30.5g of iron powder, 5% acetic acid solution in methanol 1070ml 2L reaction flask was heated to reflux

TLC monitoring of the end of the reaction cooled and concentrated, dissolved in ethyl acetate, filtered, dried over anhydrous NaS0 ₄ 23g of compound B. The solvent was removed.

1HNMR (d _{6-DMSO-Sppm):} 7.07 (s, 1H); 6.36 (s, 1H); 5.73 (s, 2H); 3.95 ~ 4.22 (m, 4H); 3.77-3.78 (m, 2H); 3.34 3.62 (m, 6H). Embodiment of Example 3 Synthesis of Compound CI

B CI

500mL three-necked flask, the Add 5g compound B, 5g v, v-dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal and 160ml of dioxane was heated to reflux the TLC monitoring progress of the reaction, the reaction time is about 12 hours, after the end of the reaction The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, spin-dry to give 5.8g of compound Cl.

¹ LAI MR (CDCl _3-Sppm): 7.56 (s, 1H); 7.15 (s, 1H); 6.51 (s, 1H); 4.12-4.18 (m, 4H); 3.89-3.91 (m, 2H); 3.78 -3.80 (m, 6H); 3.07 (s, 6H); Example 4 Icotinib Synthesis

5 g of the compound Cl, 2.2 g inter-aminophenyl acetylene, 230ml of acetic acid was added to a 500 ml reaction flask was heated to 100 ° c,

TLC monitoring of the reaction. The end of the reaction, the reaction system spin dry methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtration, wash with methanol, 5g Icotinib.

^ M (d _{6-DMSO-5ppm):} 11.98 (s, IH); 9.50 (s, IH); 8.53 (s 1H); 8.14 (s, IH); 8.04-8.05 (m, IH); 7.90-7.92 (m, IH); 7.38-7.42 (m, IH); 7.31 (s IH); 7.20-7.22 (m, IH); 4.29-4.30 (m, 4H); 4.21 (s, IH); 3.74-3.81 ( m, 4H); 3.64 (s, 4H); 1.91 (s, 3H);

Synthesis Example 5 Exe hydrochloride erlotinib

Exeter for Nick for; s

700mg Icotinib Add to a 100 ml reaction flask, add 40 ml of methanol, stirred pass into the hydrogen chloride gas or concentrated hydrochloric acid, and filtered to give crude hydrochloric acid Icotinib after, and purified by recrystallization from isopropanol to give 760mg hydrochloride Icotinib.

1HNMR (d _{6-DMSO-Sppm):} 11.37 (s, IH); 8.87 (s, IH); 8.63 (s, IH); 7.90 (s, IH); 7.78-7.80 (d, IH); 7.48-7.52 (m, IH); 7.40-7.41 (m, 2H); 4.36-4.38 (d, 4H); 4.30 (s, IH); 3.75-3.81 (d, 4H); 3.61 (s, 4H);

Example 18 Synthesis of Compound CI

3g compound B, 4.4g N, N-dimethyl formamide diisopropyl acetal was dissolved in 140ml dioxane was heated to reflux, tlc monitoring the progress of the reaction, the reaction time of approximately 11-12 hours after the completion of the reaction, was cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution was spin-dry to give 2.4g of the compound Cl.

The implementation of the synthesis of Example 19 Icotinib

3g compound Cl, 1.3 g inter-aminophenyl acetylene, 130 ml of acetic acid was added 250 ml reaction flask and heated to 70-80

V, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtered, and the methanol wash was 2.8g Icotinib. Implementation of Example 20 Icotinib synthesis

C1 Icotinib

8g compound Cl, 3.5g inter-aminophenyl acetylene, dissolved in 380ml of acetic acid, heated to 100-120 ° C, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, by adding ethanol shock dispersion, filter, the ethanol wash 7.2g Icotinib. Implementation of Example 21 Icotinib Synthesis

The C1 Exeter erlotinib reaction temperature of 120-15CTC Example 4 was 2.2 g Icotinib.

Example 22 Icotinib Synthesis

3g compound Cl, 1.8 g inter-aminophenyl acetylene and 130 ml of acetic acid was added 250 ml reaction flask and heated to 90-100C, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, isopropanol shock dispersion, filtration, isopropyl alcohol wash was 2.9g Icotinib.

The implementation of the synthesis of Example 23 Icotinib

3G compound CI and 1.3 g of m-aminophenyl acetylene dissolved in 130ml of formic acid was heated to 80-90 ° C, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtered, and the methanol wash was 2.7g Icotinib.

Example 24 Icotinib synthesis

3g of compound C1 and 1.3g aminophenyl acetylene dissolved in 130ml of trifluoroacetic acid was heated to 70-80 ° C, TLC monitoring of the reaction. Spin dry the reaction system, methanol was added, and shock dispersion, filtered, and the methanol wash was 2.7g Icotinib. Example 25 Icotinib Hydrochloride synthesis

Icotinib Hydrochloride

The 500mg Icotinib Add to a 100 ml reaction flask, add 30ml of ethanol was stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 515mg hydrochloride Icotinib. Example 26 Icotinib Hydrochloride Synthesis

500mg Icotinib Add 100 ml reaction flask, add 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran was stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 500mg hydrochloride Icotinib. EXAMPLE 27 Icotinib Hydrochloride Synthesis

Exeter erlotinib erlotinib hydrochloride Exeter

500mg Icotinib Add 100 ml reaction flask, add 50 ml of isopropanol and stirred under hydrogen chloride gas was passed into the after, filtered crude hydrochloride Icotinib recrystallized from isopropanol to give 500mg hydrochloride Icotinib. Example 28 Icotinib Hydrochloride synthesis

Icotinib

Icotinib Hydrochloride

Icotinib

Clinical data
Trade names	Conmana, Icotinib
Legal status	?
Routes	Oral tablets
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	52%
Metabolism	Hepatic (mainly CYP3A4, lessCYP1A2)
Half-life	5.5 hrs (median)
Excretion	>98% as metabolites, of which >90% via faeces, 9% via urine
Identifiers
CAS number	1204313-51-8
ATC code	?
PubChem	CID 22024915
DrugBank	DB00530
ChemSpider	10762174
UNII	9G6U5L461Q
Chemical data
Formula	C22H21N3O4
Mol. mass	391.420 g/mol

References

NINTEDANIB, BBIF 1120, Intedanib

Boehringer Ingelheim Corp

Nintedanib (formerly BIBF 1120) is a small molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) being developed by Boehringer Ingelheim as an anti-angiogenesis anti-cancer agent under the trade name Vargatef, and recently approved for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as Ofev.

Mechanism of action

Nintedanib is an indolinone-derived drug that inhibits the process of blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). Angiogenesis inhibitors stop the formation and reshaping of blood vessels in and around tumours, which reduces the tumour’s blood supply, starving tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients leading to cell death and tumour shrinkage. Unlike conventional anti-cancer chemotherapy which has a direct cell killing effect on cancer cells, angiogenesis inhibitors starve the tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients which results in tumour cell death. One of the advantages of this method of anti-cancer therapy is that it is more specific than conventional chemotherapy agents, therefore results in fewer and less severe side effects than conventional chemotherapy.

The process of new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is essential for the growth and spread of cancers. It is mediated by signaling molecules (growth factors) released from cancer cells in response to low oxygen levels. The growth factors cause the cells of the tumour’s blood vessel to divide and reorganize resulting in the sprouting of new vessels in and around the tumour, improving its blood supply.

Angiogenesis is a process that is essential for the growth and spread of all solid tumours, blocking it prevents the tumour from growing and may result in tumour shrinkage as well as a reduction in the spread of the cancer to other parts of the body. Nintedanib exerts its anti-cancer effect by binding to and blocking the activation of cell receptors involved in blood vessel formation and reshaping (i.e. VEGFR 1-3, FGFR 1-3 AND PDGFRα and β). Inhibition of these receptors in the cells that make up blood vessels (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes) by Nintedanib leads to programmed cell death, destruction of tumor blood vessels and a reduction in blood flow to the tumour. Reduced tumour blood flow inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration hence slowing the growth and spread of the cancer.^[1]

Adverse effects

Preclinical studies have shown that nintedanib binds in a highly selective manner to the ATP binding pocked of its three target receptor families, without binding to similarly shaped ATP domains in other proteins, which reduces the potential for undesirable side effects.^[2]

The most common side effects observed with nintedanib were reversible elevation in liver enzymes (10-28% of patients) and gastrointestinal disturbance (up to 50%). Side effects observed with nintedanib were worse with the higher 250 mg dose, for this reason subsequent trials have used the equally clinically effective 200 mg dose.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}

Nintedanib inhibits the growth and reshaping of blood vessels which is also an essential process in normal wound healing and tissue repair. Therefore a theoretical side effect of nintedanib is reduced wound healing however, unlike other anti-angiogenic agents, this side effect has not been observed in patients receiving nintedanib.

Studies

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that nintedanib selectively binds to and blocks the VEGF, FGF and PDGF receptors, inhibiting the growth of cells that constitute the walls of blood vessels (endothelial and smooth muscle cells and pericytes) in vitro. Nintedanib reduces the number and density of blood vessels in tumours in vivo, resulting in tumour shrinkage.^[1][2] Nintedanib also inhibits the growth of cells that are resistant to existing chemotherapy agents in vitro, which suggests a potential role for the agent in patients with solid tumours that are unresponsive to or relapse following current first line therapy.^[10]

Early clinical trials of nintedanib have been carried out in patients with non-small cell lung, colorectal, uterine, endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer and multiple myeloma.^{[4][5][7][8][9]} These studies reported that the drug is active in patients, safe to administer and is stable in the bloodstream. They identified that the maximum tolerated dose of nintedanib is 20 0 mg when taken once a day.

Clinical studies

In the first human trials, nintedanib halted the growth of tumours in up to 50% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and 76% of patients with advanced colorectal cancer and other solid tumours.^[4][8] A complete response was observed in 1/26 patients with non-small cell lung and 1/7 patients with ovarian cancer treated with nintedanib. A further 2 patients with ovarian cancer had partial responses to nintedanib.^[8][9]

Two phase II trials have been carried out assessing the efficacy, dosing and side effects of nintedanib in non-small cell lung and ovarian cancer. These trials found that nintedanib delayed relapse in patients with ovarian cancer by two months^[6] and that overall survival of patients with non-small cell lung who received nintedanib was similar to that observed with the FDA approved VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib. These trials also concluded that increasing the dose of the nintedanib has no effect on survival.^[3]

Current clinical trials

Nintedanib is being tested in several phase I to III clinical trials for cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors such as nintedanib may be effective in a range of solid tumour types including; lung, ovarian, metastatic bowel, liver and brain cancer. Patients are also being recruited for three phase III clinical trials that will evaluate the potential benefit of nintedanib when added to existing 1st line treatments in patients with ovarian.^[11] and 2nd line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer ^[12][13] The phase III trials of nintedanib in lung cancer have been named LUME-Lung 1 and LUME-Lung 2.

Current phase II trials are investigating the effect of nintedanib in patients with metastatic bowel cancer, liver cancer and the brain tumour: glioblastoma multiforme.^[14]

Phase III trials are investigating the use of nintedanib in combination with the existing chemotherapy agents permexetred and docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer,^[15] and in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel as a first line treatment for patients with ovarian cancer.^[16]

A phase III clinical trial was underway examining the safety and efficacy of nintedanib on patients with the non-cancerous lung condition idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.^[17] Nintedanib, under the brand name Ofev, was approved by the FDA for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis on 15 Oct 2014. ^[18]

In terms of clinical development, additional phase III clinical trials are ongoing for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, in combination with chemotherapy, and for the treatment of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Phase II clinical trials are also ongoing at the company for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, previously untreated patients with renal cell cancer, and for the treatment of patients with unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma. The National Cancer Center of Korea (NCC) is evaluating the compound in phase II studies as second line treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The Centre Oscar Lambret is also conducting phase II clinical trials for the treatment of breast cancer in combination with docetaxel. Phase II trials are under way at EORTC as second line therapy for patients with either differentiated or medullary thyroid cancer progressing after first line therapy. The compound is also in early clinical development for the treatment of cancer of the peritoneal cavity, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia and ovarian cancer. Clinical trials have been completed for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Boehringer Ingelheim is also conducting phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of NSCLC and acute myeloid leukemia in addition to low-dose cytarabine. Phase I clinical studies are ongoing at the company for the treatment of epithelial ovary cancer and for the treatment of patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment. The company had been evaluating the compound in early clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with docetaxel, but recent progress reports for this indication are not available at present.

In 2011, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S. and Japan for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In 2013, orphan drug designation was also assigned for the same indication in the E.U. In 2014, a Breakthrough Therapy Designation was assigned to the compound for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

WO-2014180955

The present invention relates to a beneficial treatment of tumours in patients suffering from NSCLC, and to a clinical marker useful as predictive variable of the responsiveness of tumours in patients suffering from NSCLC. The present invention further relates to a method for selecting patients likely to respond to a given therapy, wherein said method optionally comprises the use of a specific clinical marker. The present invention further relates to a method for delaying disease progression and/or prolonging patient survival of NSCLC patients, wherein said method comprises the use of a specific clinical marker.

The monoethanesulphonate salt form of this compound presents properties which makes this salt form especially suitable for development as medicament. The chemical structure of 3-Z-[l-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)- 1 -phenyl-methylene] -6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone-monoethanesulphonate (ΓΝΝ name nintedanib esylate) is depicted below as Formula Al .

Formula Al

This compound is thus for example suitable for the treatment of diseases in which angiogenesis or the proliferation of cells is involved. The use of this compound for the treatment of immunologic diseases or pathological conditions involving an

immunologic component is being described in WO 2004/017948, the use for the treatment of, amongst others, oncological diseases, alone or in combination, is being described in WO 2004/096224 and WO 2009/147218, and the use for the treatment of fibrotic diseases is being described in WO 2006/067165.

A method using biomarkers for monitoring the treatment of an individual with the compound 3-Z-[l-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-l -phenyl-methylene] -6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein it is determined if a sample from said individual comprises a biomarker in an amount that is indicative for said treatment, is disclosed in WO 2010/103058.

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http://www.google.com/patents/US20110201812

The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a specific indolinone derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, namely 3-Z-[1-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-1-phenyl-methylene]-6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone and its monoethanesulfonate, to new manufacturing steps and to new intermediates of this process.

The indolinone derivative 3-Z-[1-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-1-phenyl-methylene]-6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone and its monoethanesulfonate are known from the following patent applications: WO 01/027081, WO 04/013099, WO 04/017948, WO 04/096224 and WO 06/067165. These patent applications disclose the compound, a process for its manufacture, a specific salt form of this compound and the use of the compound or its salt in a pharmaceutical composition to treat oncological or non-oncological diseases via inhibition of the proliferation of target cells, alone or in combination with further therapeutic agents. The mechanism of action by which the proliferation of the target cells occurs is essentially a mechanism of inhibition of several tyrosine kinase receptors, and especially an inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR).

EXAMPLE 1Synthesis of the 6-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxindole in accordance with the process shown in synthesis scheme CSynthesis of benzoic acid, 4-chloro-3-nitro-, methylester

• • 20 kg of 4-chloro-3-nitro-benzoic acid (99.22 mol) is suspended in 76 L methanol. 5.9 kg thionylchloride (49.62 mol) is added within 15 minutes and refluxed for about 3 hours. After cooling to about 5° C., the product is isolated by centrifugation and drying at 45° C.
  • Yield: 19.0 kg (88.8% of theoretical amount)
  • Purity (HPLC): 99.8%

Synthesis of propanedioic acid, [4-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-nitrophenyl]-, dimethylester

• • 12.87 kg of malonic acid, dimethylester (97.41 mol) is added to a hot solution (75° C.) of 10.73 kg sodium-tert.amylate (97.41 mol) in 35 L 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). A solution of 10 kg benzoic acid, 4-chloro-3-nitro-, methylester (46.38 mol) in 25 L 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone is added at 75° C. After stirring for 1.5 hours at about 75° C. and cooling to 20° C., the mixture is acidified with 100 L diluted hydrochloric acid to pH 1. After stirring for 1.5 hours at about 5° C., the product is isolated by centrifugation and drying at 40° C.
  • Yield: 13.78 kg (95.4% of theoretical amount)
  • Purity (HPLC): 99.9%
  • Alternatively, propanedioic acid, [4-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-nitrophenyl]-, dimethylester can be synthesized as follows:
  • 33.1 kg of malonic acid, dimethylester (250.6 mol) and 27.0 kg benzoic acid, 4-chloro-3-nitro-, methylester (125.3 mol) are subsequently added to a solution of 45.1 kg sodium-methylate (250.6 mol) in 172 kg 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 20° C. After stirring for 1.5 hours at about 45° C. and cooling to 30° C., the mixture is acidified with 249 L diluted hydrochloric acid. At the same temperature, the mixture is seeded, then cooled to 0° C. and stirred for an additional hour. The resulting crystals are isolated by centrifugation, washed and dryed at 40° C.
  • Yield: 37.5 kg (86% of theoretical amount)
  • Purity (HPLC): 99.7%

Synthesis of 6-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxindole

A solution of 13 kg propanedioic acid, [4-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-nitrophenyl]-, dimethylester (41.77 mol) in 88 L acetic acid is hydrogenated at 45° C. and under 40-50 psi in the presence of 1.3 kg Pd/C 10%. After standstill of the hydrogenation, the reaction is heated up to 115° C. for 2 hours. The catalyst is filtered off and 180 L water is added at about 50° C. The product is isolated after cooling to 5° C., centrifugation and drying at 50° C.

• • Yield: 6.96 kg (87.2% of theoretical amount)
  • Purity (HPLC): 99.8%

EXAMPLE 2Synthesis of the “chlorimide” (methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate)

Method 1

6-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxindole (400 g; 2.071 mol) is suspended in toluene (1200 ml) at room temperature. Chloroacetic anhydride (540 g; 3.095 mol) is added to this suspension. The mixture is heated to reflux for 3 h, then cooled to 80° C. and methyl cyclohexane (600 ml) is added within 30 min. The resulting suspension is further cooled down to room temperature within 60 min. The mother liquor is separated and the solid is washed with ice cold methanol (400 ml). The crystals are dried to afford 515.5 g (93.5%) of the “chlorimide” compound as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.66 (s, 1H, 6-H); 7.86 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H, 8-H); 7.52 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H, 9-H); 4.98 (s, 2H, 15-H₂); 3.95 (s, 3H, 18-H₃); 3.88 (s, 2H, 3-H₂). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 174.7 (C-2); 36.0 (C-3); 131.0 (C-4); 140.8 (C-5); 115.7 (C-6); 128.9 (C-7); 126.1 (C-8); 124.6 (C-9); 166.6 (C-10); 165.8 (C-13); 46.1 (C-15); 52.3 (C-18). MS: m/z 268 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₀ClNO₄: C, 53.85; H, 3.77; Cl, 13.25; N, 5.23. Found: C, 52.18; H, 3.64; Cl, 12.89; N, 5.00.

Method 2

6-Methoxycarbonyl-2-oxindole (10 g; 0.052 mol) is suspended in n-butyl acetate (25 ml) at room temperature. To this suspension a solution of chloroacetic anhydride (12.8 g; 0.037 mol) in n-butyl acetate (25 ml) is added within 3 min. The mixture is heated to reflux for 2 h, then cooled to 85° C. and methyl cyclohexane (20 ml) is added. The resulting suspension is further cooled down to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The mother liquor is separated and the solid is washed with methanol (400 ml) at ambient temperature. The crystals are dried to afford 12.7 g (91.5%) of the “chlorimide” compound as a slightly yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 3Synthesis of the “chlorenol” (methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate)

Method 1

Methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (12.0 g; 0.045 mol) is suspended in toluene (60 ml) at ambient temperature. Acetic anhydride (16.2 g; 0.157 mol) is added to this suspension. The mixture is heated to not less than 104° C. and trimethyl orthobenzoate (20.0 g; 0.108 mol) is added within 60 min. During the addition period and subsequent stirring at the same temperature for 3 h, volatile parts of the reaction mixture are distilled off. The concentration of the reaction mixture is kept constant by replacement of the distilled part by toluene (40 ml). The mixture is cooled down to 5° C., stirred for 1 h and filtrated. The solid is subsequently washed with toluene (14 ml) and with a mixture of toluene (8 ml) and ethyl acetate (8 ml). After drying, 16.3 g (91.7%) of the “chlorenol” compound are isolated as slightly yellow crystals. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.73 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H, 6-H); 8.09 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, 9-H); 7.90 (dd, J=8.1; 1.5 Hz, 1H, 8-H); 7.61-7.48 (m, 5H, 21-H, 22-H, 23-H, 24-H, 25-H); 4.85 (s, 2H, 18-H₂); 3.89 (s, 3H, 27-H₃); 3.78 (s, 3H, 15-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 165.9 (C-2+C16); 103.9 (C-3); 127.4; 128.6; 130.0; 135.4 (C-4+C-5+C-7+C-20); 115.1 (C-6); 126.1 (C-8); 122.5 (C-9); 166.7 (C-10); 173.4 (C-13); 58.4 (C-15); 46.4 (C-18); 128.6 (C-21+C-22+C-24+C-25); 130.5 (C-23); 52.2 (C-27). MS: m/z 386 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₁₆ClNO₅: C, 62.27; H, 4.18; Cl, 9.19; N, 3.63. Found: C, 62.21; H, 4.03; Cl, 8.99; N, 3.52.

Method 2

Methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (12.0 g; 0.045 mol) is suspended in xylene (60 ml) at ambient temperature. Acetic anhydride (16.2 g; 0.157 mol) is added to this suspension. The mixture is heated to reflux, trimethyl orthobenzoate (20.0 g; 0.108 mol) is added within 40 min and heating is maintained for 4 h. The mixture is cooled down to 0° C. and the mother liquor is separated. The solid is subsequently washed with xylene (14 ml) and a mixture of xylene (8 ml) and ethyl acetate (8 ml). After drying 14.3 g (81.0%) of the “chlorenol” compound are isolated as yellow crystals.

Method 3

Methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (12.0 g; 0.045 mol) is suspended in toluene (60 ml) at ambient temperature. Acetic anhydride (16.2 g; 0.157 mol) is added to this suspension. The mixture is heated to reflux, trimethyl orthobenzoate (20.0 g; 0.108 mol) is added within 40 min and heating is maintained for 3 h. The mixture is cooled down to 0° C. and the mother liquor is separated. The solid is subsequently washed with toluene (14 ml) and a mixture of toluene (8 ml) and ethyl acetate (8 ml). After drying 15.3 g (87.3%) of the “chlorenol” compound are isolated as fawn crystals.

EXAMPLE 4Synthesis of the “enolindole” (methyl-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate)

Method 1

A solution of potassium hydroxide (0.41 g, 0.006 mol) in methanol (4 ml) is added at 63° C. to a suspension of methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (8.0 g; 0.020 mol) in methanol (32 ml). The mixture is then stirred for 30 min, cooled to 0° C. and stirring is maintained for 2 h. After filtration, the solid is washed with methanol (24 ml) and dried to afford 6.0 g (94.6%) of the “enolindole” compound as yellow crystals. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.08 (s, 1H, 1-H); 7.88 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H, 9-H); 7.75 (m, 1H, 8-H); 7.52-7.56 (m, 3H, 18-H, 19-H, 20-H); 7.40-7.45 (m, 3H, 6-H, 17-H, 21-H); 3.92 (s, 3H, 23-H₃); 3.74 (s, 3H, 13-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.8 (C-2); 107.4 (C-3); 130.8 (C-4); 138.2 (C-5); 109.4 (C-6); 128.2 and 128.3 (C-7, C-16); 123.5 (C-8); 123.1 (C-9); 170.1 (C-11); 57.6 (C-13); 167.2 (C-14); 128.7 and 128.9 (C-17, C-18, C-20, C-21); 130.5 (C-19); 52.1 (C-23). MS (m/z): 310 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₁₅NO₄: C, 69.89; H, 4.89; N, 4.53. Found: C, 69.34; H, 4.92; N, 4.56.

Method 2

A suspension of methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (7.0 g; 0.018 mol) in methanol (28 ml) is heated to reflux. Within 3 min, a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (0.24 g, 30 (w/w), 0.001 mol) is added to this suspension. The mixture is then stirred for 30 min, cooled to 5° C. and stirring is maintained for 2 h. After filtration, the solid is washed with methanol (9 ml) and dried to afford 5.4 g (89.7%) of the “enolindole” compound as yellow crystals.

Method 3

A suspension of methyl-1-(chloroacetyl)-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (8.0 g; 0.021 mol) in methanol (32 ml) is heated to reflux. A solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (0.74 g, 30% (w/w), 0.004 mol), further diluted with methanol (4 ml), is added dropwise to this suspension. The mixture is then stirred for 90 min, cooled to 0° C. and stirring is maintained for 2 h. After filtration, the solid is washed with methanol (24 ml) and dried to afford 5.9 g (91.2%) of the “enolindole” compound as yellow crystals.

EXAMPLE 5Synthesis of the “chloroacetyl” (N-(4-nitroanilino)-N-methyl-2-chloro-acetamide)

Method 1

A suspension of N-methyl-4-nitroaniline (140 g; 0.920 mol) in ethyl acetate (400 ml) is heated to 70° C. Within 90 min, chloro acetylchloride (114 g; 1.009 mol) is added to this suspension. The resulting solution is then refluxed for 1 h, cooled to 60° C. and methyl cyclohexane (245 ml) is added. The suspension is further cooled down to 0° C. and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture is filtrated, washed with methyl cyclohexane (285 ml) and the precipitate is dried to afford 210.4 g (92.7%) of the “chloroacetyl” compound as white crystals. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, 1-H+3-H); 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, 4-H+6-H); 4.35 (s, 2H, 9-H₂); 3.33 (s, 3H, 12-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 124.6 (C-1+C-3); 145.6 (C-2); 127.4 (C-4+C-6); 148.6 (C-5); 165.6 (C-8); 42.7 (C-9); 37.2 (C-12). MS (m/z): 229 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉ClN₂O₃: C, 47.28; H, 3.97; N, 12.25. Found: C, 47.26; H, 3.99; Cl, 15.73; N, 12.29.

Method 2

A suspension of N-methyl-4-nitroaniline (20.0 g; 0.131 mol) in ethyl acetate (20 ml) is heated to 60° C. Within 15 min, a solution of chloro acetic anhydride (26.0 g; 0.151 mol) in ethyl acetate (60 ml) is added to this suspension. The resulting solution is then refluxed for 1 h, cooled to 75° C. ° C. and methyl cyclohexane (80 ml) is added. After seeding at 60° C., the suspension is further cooled down to 0° C. and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture is filtrated, washed with methyl cyclohexane (40 ml) and the precipitate is dried to afford 25.9 g (83.3%) of the “chloroacetyl” compound as grey crystals.

EXAMPLE 6Synthesis of the “nitroaniline” (N-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamide) and of the “aniline” (N-(4-aminophenyl)-N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamide)

Method 1

A suspension of N-(4-nitroanilino)-N-methyl-2-chloro-acetamide (20.0 g; 0.087 mol) in toluene (110 ml) is heated to 40° C. Within 30 min, 1-methylpiperazine (21.9 g; 0.216 mol) is added dropwise. After purging of the dropping funnel with toluene (5 ml) the reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at 55° C., cooled to ambient temperature and washed with water (15 ml). The organic layer is diluted with isopropanol (100 ml) and Pd/C (10%; 1.0 g) is added. After subsequent hydrogenation (H₂, 4 bar) at 20° C. the catalyst is removed. Approximately ⅘ of the volume of the resulting solution is evaporated at 50° C. The remaining residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate (20 ml) and toluene (147 ml) heated to 80° C., then cooled to 55° C. and seeded. The reaction mixture is further cooled to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h at the same temperature. After filtration, the solid is washed with ice cold toluene (40 ml) and dried to afford 20.2 g (88.0%) of the “aniline” compound as white crystals. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 6.90 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, 4-H+6-H); 6.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, 1-H+3-H); 5.22 (2H, 19-H₂); 3.04 (s, 3H, 9-H₃); 2.79 (s, 2H, 11-H₂); 2.32 (m, 4H, 13-H₂+17-H₂); 2.23 (m, 4H, 14-H₂+16-H₂); 2.10 (s, 3H, 18-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 114.0 (C-1+C-3); 148.0 (C-2); 127.6 (C-4+C-6); 131.5 (C-5); 168.9 (C-8); 36.9 (C-9); 58.5 (C-11); 52.4 (C-13+C-17); 54.6 (C-14+C-16); 45.7 (C-18). MS (m/z): 263 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₂₂N₄O: C, 64.09; H, 8.45; N, 21.36. Found: C, 64.05; H, 8.43; N, 21.39.

Method 2

A suspension of N-(4-nitroanilino)-N-methyl-2-chloro-acetamide (14.5 g; 0.063 mol) in ethyl acetate (65 ml) is heated to 40° C. Within 30 min, 1-methylpiperazine (15.8 g; 0.156 mol) is added dropwise. After purging of the dropping funnel with ethyl acetate (7 ml) the reaction mixture is stirred at 50° C. for 90 min, cooled to ambient temperature and washed with water (7 ml). The organic layer is diluted with isopropanol (75 ml) and dried over sodium sulphate. After separation of the solid, Pd/C (10%; 2.0 g) is added and the solution is hydrogenated (H₂, 5 bar) at ambient temperature without cooling. Subsequently the catalyst is removed by filtration and the solvent is evaporated at 60° C. The remaining residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate (250 ml) and recrystallized. After filtration and drying 10.4 g (60.4%) of the “aniline” compound are isolated as white crystals.

EXAMPLE 7Synthesis of the “anilino” (3-Z-[1-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-1-phenyl-methylene]-6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone)

Method 1

A suspension of methyl-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (10.0 g; 0.032 mol) and N-(4-aminophenyl)-N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamide (8.6 g; 0.032 mol) in a mixture of methanol (72 ml) and N,N-dimethylformamide (18 ml) is heated to reflux. After 7 h of refluxing the suspension is cooled down to 0° C. and stirring is maintained for additional 2 h. The solid is filtered, washed with methanol (40 ml) and dried to afford 15.4 g (88.1%) of the “anilino” compound as yellow crystals. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 11.00 (s, 1H, 23-H); 12.23 (s, 19-H); 7.61 (t; J=7.1 Hz, 1H, 33-H); 7.57 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H, 32-H+34-H); 7.50 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H, 31-H+35-H); 7.43 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, 29-H); 7.20 (dd, J=8.3; 1.6 Hz, 1H, 27-H); 7.13 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H, 14-H+18-H); 6.89 (d, 8.3 Hz, 2H, 15-H+17-H); 5.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H, 26-H); 3.77 (s, 3H, 40-H₃); 3.06 (m, 3H, 12-H₃); 2.70 (m, 2 H, 8-H₂); 2.19 (m, 8H, 2-H₂, 3-H₂, 5-H₂, 6-H₂); 2.11 (s, 3H, 7-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 54.5 (C-2+C-6); 52.2 (C-3+C-5); 45.6 (C-7); 59.1 (C-8); 168.5 (C-9); 36.6 (C-12); 140.1 (C-13); 127.6 (C-14+C-18); 123.8 (C-17+C-15); 137.0 (C-16); 158.3 (C-20); 97.5 (C-21); 170.1 (C-22); 136.2 (C-24); 128.9 (C-25); 117.2 (C-26); 121.4 (C-27); 124.0 (C-28); 109.4 (C-29); 131.9 (C-30); 128.4 (C-31+C-35); 129.4 (C-32+C-34); 130.4 (C-33); 166.3 (C-37); 51.7 (C-40). MS (m/z): 540 (M+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₃₁H₃₃N₅O₄: C, 69.00; H, 6.16; N, 12.98. Found: C, 68.05; H, 6.21; N, 12.81.

Method 2

A suspension of methyl-3-[methoxy(phenyl)methylene]-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (20.0 g; 0.064 mol) and N-(4-aminophenyl)-N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamide (17.1 g; 0.065 mol) in methanol (180 ml) is heated to reflux for 7.5 h. The resulting suspension is cooled down to 10° C. within 1 h and stirring is maintained for 1 h. After filtration, the solid is washed with ice cold methanol (80 ml) and dried to afford 31.0 g (89.0%) of the “anilino” compound as yellow crystals.

EXAMPLE 8Synthesis of the 3-Z-[1-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-1-phenyl-methylene]-6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone, monoethanesulfonate

A suspension of 3-Z-[1-(4-(N-((4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-amino)-anilino)-1-phenyl-methylene]-6-methoxycarbonyl-2-indolinone (30.0 g; 0.055 mol) in methanol (200 ml) and water (2.4 ml) is heated to 60° C. Aqueous ethanesulfonic acid (70% (w/w); 8.75 g; 0.056 mol) is added to the reaction mixture. The resulting solution is cooled to 50° C., seeded and then diluted with isopropanol (200 ml). The mixture is further cooled to 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at this temperature. The precipitate is isolated, washed with isopropanol (120 ml) and dried to furnish 35.1 g (97.3%) of the monoethanesulfonate salt of the compound as yellow crystals. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 12.26 (s, 11-H); 10.79 (s, 1H, 1-H); 9.44 (s, 1H, 24-H); 7.64 (m, 1H, 32-H); 7.59 (m, 2H, 31-H+33-H); 7.52 (m, 2H, 30-H+34-H); 7.45 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, 7-H); 7.20 (dd, J=8.2; 1.6 Hz, 1H, 5-H); 7.16 (m, 2H, 14-H+16-H); 6.90 (m, 2H, 13-H+17-H); 5.85 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, 4-H); 3.78 (s, 3H, 37-H₃); 3.45-2.80 (broad m, 4H, 23-H₂+25-H₂); 3.08 (s, 3H, 28-H₃); 2.88 (s, 2H, 20-H₂); 2.85-2.30 (broad m, 4H, 22-H₂+26-H₂); 2.75 (s, 3H, 27-H₃); 2.44 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H, 39-H₂); 1.09 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H, 38-H₃). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.8 (C-38); 36.6 (C-28); 42.3 (C-27); 45.1 (C-39); 51.7 (C-37); 48.9 (C-22+C-26); 52.6 (C-23+C-25); 57.5 (C-20); 97.7 (C-3); 109.5 (C-7); 117.3 (C-4); 121.4 (C-5); 123.8 (C-13+C-17); 124.1 (C-6); 127.7 (C-14+C-16); 128.4 (C-30+C-34); 128.8 (C-9); 129.5 (C-31+C-33); 130.5 (C-32); 132.0 (C-29); 168.5 (C-9); 136.3 (C-8); 137.3 (C-12); 139.5 (C-15); 158.1 (C-10); 166.3 (C-35); 168.0 (C-19); 170.1 (C-2). MS (m/z): 540 (M_(base)+H)⁺. Anal. calcd. for C₃₃H₃₉N₅O₇S: C, 60.17; H, 6.12; N, 10.63; S, 4.87. Found: C, 60.40; H, 6.15; N, 10.70; S, 4.84.

……………………

see

http://www.yaopha.com/2014/07/09/synthesis-of-vargatef-nintedanib-boehringer-ingelheim-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis-drug/

Nintedanib

Nintedanib
Systematic (IUPAC) name
Methyl (3Z)-3-{[(4-{methyl[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]amino}phenyl)amino](phenyl)methylidene}-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-6-carboxylate
Clinical data
Trade names	Vargatef, Ofev
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
Pregnancy cat.	US: D
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Routes	Oral and intravenous
Identifiers
CAS number	656247-17-5
ATC code	None
Chemical data
Formula	C31H33N5O4
Mol. mass	539.6248 g/mol

References

Pasireotide, Signifor; SOM 320; HY-16381; 396091-73-9

Cyclo[4(R)-[N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyloxy]-L-prolyl-L-phenyl-glycyl-D-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-(4-O-benzyl)-L-tyrosyl-L-phenylalanyl]bis(L-aspartic acid)

Regulators in the USA has approved a long-acting release of Novartis’ Signifor as a treatment for acromegaly.

Read more at: http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/14-12-16/FDA_gives_green_light_to_Novartis_acromegaly_drug.aspx#ixzz3M8Ibn14Q

clinical…..https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Pasireotide+OR+SOM-230

Pasireotide (SOM230, trade name Signifor^[1]) is an orphan drug approved in the U.S. and Europe for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy.^[2][3] It was developed by Novartis. Pasireotide is a somatostatinanalog which has a 40-fold increased affinity to somatostatin receptor 5 than other somatostatin analogs.

The drug showed therapeutical potential in a recent study (PASPORT-CUSHINGS B2305) where 162 patients were treated with either 2x 600 µg or 2x 900 µg pasireotide s.c. daily.^[4] The effectiveness of the treatment was checked by the UFC-value (urinary free cortisol) after six months of treatment. The mean reduction of UFC after six months was 47.9%, which also lead to amelioration of clinical symptoms such as blood pressure, cholesterol value, and weight loss.^[5]

Pasireotide was approved by the EMEA in October 2009^[6] and by the FDA in December 2012.^[7]

At present, it is in phase III clinical trials at Novartis for the treatment of carcinoid tumors and symptoms that are not adequately controlled by somatostatin analogues (Sandostatin). Phase II clinical development is also under way at the company for the treatment of gastric dumping syndrome, metastatic carcinoid tumors, meningioma and pituitary adenoma and for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in combination with everolimus. Early clinical trials are also ongoing for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma or Merkel cell carcinoma. A phase I clinical trial for the treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis has been completed. The company intends to file for approval in 2007 for these indications. Novartis and Thomas Jefferson University are conducting phase II clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer, alone or in combination with everolimus. The Mayo Clinic is conducting phase II clinical trials for the treatment of polycystic liver disease. Phase III clinical trials had been ongoing for the reduction of post-pancreatectomy fistula, leak, and abscess; however, in 2010 these trials were suspended. In 2004, orphan drug designation was assigned in the E.U. for the treatment of functional gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. In 2009, orphan drug designation was received in the U.S. and the E.U. for the treatment of Cushing’s disease and acromegaly. The designation for the treatment of Cushing’s disease was assigned in Australia in 2011 and in Japan in 2012. In 2013, orphan drug designation was assigned in Australia for the treatment of acromegaly.

SIGNIFOR (pasireotide diaspartate) injection is prepared as a sterile solution of pasireotide diaspartate in a tartaric acid buffer for administration by subcutaneous injection. SIGNIFOR is a somatostatin analog. Pasireotide diaspartate, chemically known as (2-Aminoethyl) carbamic acid (2R,5S,8S,11S,14R,17S,19aS)-11-(4-aminobutyl)-5-benzyl-8-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)-14-(1H-indol-3ylmethyl)-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaoxo-17-phenyloctadecahydro-3a,6,9,12,15,18hexaazacyclopentacyclooctadecen-2-yl ester, di[(S)-2-aminosuccinic acid] salt, is a cyclohexapeptide with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin.

The molecular formula of pasireotide diaspartate is C₅₈H₆₆N₁₀O₉ • 2C₄H₇NO₄ and the molecular weight is 1313.41. The structural formula is:

SIGNIFOR is supplied as a sterile solution in a single-dose, 1 mL colorless glass ampule containing pasireotide in 0.3 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL, or 0.9 mg/mL strengths for subcutaneous injection.

Each glass ampule contains:

Pasireotide

Systematic (IUPAC) name
[(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,20R)-9-(4-aminobutyl)-3-benzyl-12-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxo-15-phenyl-6-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexazabicyclo[16.3.0]henicosan-20-yl] N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamate
Clinical data
Trade names	Signifor
Licence data	EMA:Link
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	Subcutaneous
Identifiers
CAS number	396091-73-9
ATC code	H01CB05
PubChem	CID 9941444
UNII	98H1T17066
Synonyms	SOM230
Chemical data
Formula	C58H66N10O9
Mol. mass	1107.26 g/mol

Pasireotide is a multiligand somatostatin analogue with high binding affinity to somatostatin receptors sst1, sst2, sst3 and sst5. Novartis Oncology, a division of Novartis, filed for approval in the E.U. for the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome in 2010. A positive opinion was granted in 2011 and final approval was obtained in 2012. The E.U.’s first launch took place in Germany in June 2012. Also in 2011, Novartis filed an NDA in the U.S. seeking approval of the compound for the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome; however, the application was withdrawn the same year due to an issue related to chemistry, manufacturing and controls. In November 2012, the product was recommended for approval in the U.S. for Cushing’s syndrome. In December 2012, final FDA approval was granted. Phase III clinical trials are ongoing in Japan for this indication. In 2014, the product was approved in the E.U and the U.S. for the treatment of adult patients with acromegaly for whom surgery is not an option or has not been curative and who are inadequately controlled on treatment with a first-generation somatostatin analogue (SSA).

EP2310042B1

• http://www.google.com/patents/EP2310042B1?cl=en
• The present invention relates to a new use of Somatostatin (SRIF) peptidomimetics (also referred to as Somatostatin- or SRIF-analogs).
• Somatostatin is a tetradecapeptide having the structure
• The somatostatin class is a known class of small peptides comprising the naturally occurring somatostatin-14 and analogues having somatostatin related activity, e.g. as disclosed by A.S. Dutta in Small Peptides, Vol.19, Elsevier (1993). By “somatostatin analog” as used herein is meant any straight-chain or cyclic polypeptide having a structure based on that of the naturally occurring somatostatin-14 wherein one or more amino acid units have been omitted and/or replaced by one or more other amino radical(s) and/or wherein one or more functional groups have been replaced by one or more other functional groups and/or one or more groups have been replaced by one or several other isosteric groups. In general, the term covers all modified derivatives of the native somatostatin-14 which exhibit a somatostatin related activity, e.g. they bind to at least one of the five somatostatin receptor (SSTR), preferably in the nMolar range.
• Natural somatostatin binds and activates all 5 somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) with nmol efficacy and thus causes its multiple physiological effects.
• Synthetically available somatostatin analogs differ in their binding affinity to the different somatostatin receptor subtypes and often bind selectively to one or few subtypes with significantly higher affinity.
• Somatostatin analogs of particular interest according to the present invention have a high binding affinity to human SSTR1,2,3,5 and have been described e.g. in WO 97/01579 , the contents of which being incorporated herein by reference. Said somatostatin analogs comprise the amino acid sequence of formula I-(D/L)Trp-Lys-X₁ -X₂ -     Iwherein X₁ is a radical of formula (a) or (b)

  wherein R₁ is optionally substituted phenyl, wherein the substituent may be halogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy or ethoxy,
  R₂ is -Z₁-CH₂-R₁, -CH₂-CO-O-CH₂-R₁,

  wherein Z₁ is O or S, and
  X₂ is an α-amino acid having an aromatic residue on the C_α side chain, or an amino acid unit selected from Dab, Dpr, Dpm, His,(Bzl)HyPro, thienyl-Ala, cyclohexyl-Ala and t-butyl-Ala, the residue Lys of said sequence corresponding to the residue Lys⁹ of the native somatostatin-14.

• Somatostatin analogs of particular interest which have a high binding affinity to human SSTR1,2,3,5 have also been described e.g. inWO02/10192. Said somatostatin analogs comprise the compound of formula

  also called cyclo[{4-(NH₂-C₂H₄-NH-CO-O-)Pro}-Phg-DTrp-Lys-Tyr(4-Bzl)-Phe] or pasireotide, as well as diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof, in free form, in salt or complex form or in protected form. Phg means -HN-CH(C₆H₅)-CO- and Bzl means benzyl.

…………………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2002010192A2?cl=en

Example 1 : Cyclo[{4-(NH₂-C₂H₄-NH-CO-O-

a) Synthesis of Fmoc-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-OH

L-hydroxyproline methylester hydrochloride is reacted with Fmoc-OSu in aqueous 1.0 N sodium carbonate/THF at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, Fmoc-Pro(4- OH)-OMe is isolated by precipitation. Fmoc-Pro(4-OH)-OMe is then added dropwise into a solution of trisphosgene (0.6 eq.) in THF to give a chlorocarbonate intermediate. After 1 h dimethylaminopyridine (1.0 eq.) and N-Boc-diaminoethane (6.0 eq.) are added and the reaction is stirred at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting Fmoc-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-OMe is extracted from a two phase system of ethyl acetate/0.1 M HCI to give crude product (MH⁺ = 554) which is purified by crystallization from ethyl acetate. The methyl ester is then cleaved to the free acid by treatment with 1 N NaOH in dioxane/water and the product Fmoc-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-OH is purified on silica gel, [(M+Na)]⁺= 562).

b) H-Phe-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-Phg-DTrp(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Tyr(Bzl)-OH Commercially available Fmoc-Tyr(Bzl)-O-CH₂-Ph(3-OCH₃)-O-CH₂-Polystyrene resin (SASRIN-resin, 2.4 mM) is used as starting material and carried through a standard protocol consisting of repetitive cycles of Nα-deprotection (Piperidine/DMF, 2:8), repeated washings with DMF and coupling (DIPCI: 4.8 mM/HOBT: 6mM, DMF). The following amino acid- derivatives are sequentially coupled: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-DTrp(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Phg- OH, Fmoc-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH. Couplings (2 eq. amino acids) are continued or repeated until completion, i.e. until complete disappearance of residual amino groups which is monitored by a negative ‘Kaiser^* Ninhydrin test. Before cleavage of the completely assembled protected linear peptide from its resin support the Nα-Fmoc protection from the last residue is removed.

c) H-Phe-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-Boc)-Phg-DTrp(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Tyr(Bzl)-OH After washings with CH₂CI₂₎ the peptide-resin is transferred into a column or a stirred suction filter and the peptide fragment is cleaved and eluted with a short treatment with 2% TFA in CH₂CI₂ within 1 h. The eluate is immediately neutralized with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The organic solution is separated and evaporated and the side chain protected precursor (MH⁺ = 1366) is cyclized without further purification.

d) cyclo[-Pro(4-OCO-NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂)-Phg-DT -Lys-Tyr(Bzl)-Phe-], trifluoroacetate The above linear fragment is dissolved in DMF (4 mM), cooled to minus 5°C and treated with 2 eq. DIPEA then 1.5 eq. of DPPA and stirred until completion (ca. 20h) at 0-4°C. The solvent was almost completely removed in vacuo; the concentrate is diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO₃, water, dried and evaporated in vacuo.

For deprotection the residue is dissolved at 0°C in TFA H₂O 95:5 (ca.50 mM) and stirred in the cold for 30 min. The product is then precipitated with ether containing ca. 10 eq. HCI, filtered, washed with ether and dried. In order to completely decompose remaining Indole-N carbaminic acid the product is dissolved in 5% AcOH and lyophilized after 15 h at ca. 5°C. Preparative RP-HPLC is carried out on a C-18 10 μm STAGROMA column (5-25 cm) using a gradient of 0.5% TFA to 0.5% TFA in 70% acetonitrile. Fractions containing the pure title compound are combined, diluted with water and lyophilized. The lyophilisate is dissolved in water followed by precipitation with 10% Na₂CO₃ in water. The solid free base is filtered of, washed with water and dried in vacuum at room temperature. The resulting white powder is directly used for the different salts.

Example 2: Cyclo[{4-(NH₂-C₂H₄-NH-CO-O-)Pro}-Phg-DTrp-Lys-Tyr(4-Bzl)-Phe] in salt form a. Acetate

Conversion to the acetate salt form is carried out using an ion-exchange resin (e.g. AG 3- X4). MS (ESI): m/z 524.5 [M+2H]²⁺ [α]_D ²⁰= -42°, c=0.26 in AcOH 95%

b. Aspartate

Conversion to the mono- or di-aspartate is obtained by reacting 1 equivalent of the compound of Example 1 with 1 or 2 equivalent of aspartic acid in a mixture of acetonitrile/water 1 :3. The resulting mixture is frozen and lyophilized. The di-aspartate may also be obtained by dissolving the compound of Example 1 in water/acetonitrile 4:1, filtering, loading on a an ion-exchange resin, e.g. BioRad AG4X4 column, and eluting with water/acetonitrile 4:1. The eluate is concentrated, frozen and lyophilized. [ ]_D ²⁰= -47.5°, c= 2.5mg/ml in methanol

……………..

WO2013/174978 A1

http://www.google.im/patents/WO2013174978A1?cl=ru

………………………..

WO2013/131879 A1,

http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2013131879&recNum=83&maxRec=3895&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=FP%3AWO+AND+PA%3Anovartis+&tab=PCTDescription

………………………..

WO2005/53732 A1,

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2005053732A1?cl=en

……………………………

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2003 ,  vol. 46,  12  pg. 2334 – 2344

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm021093t

A rational drug design approach, capitalizing on structure−activity relationships and involving transposition of functional groups from somatotropin release inhibitory factor (SRIF) into a reduced size cyclohexapeptide template, has led to the discovery of SOM230 (25), a novel, stable cyclohexapeptide somatostatin mimic that exhibits unique high-affinity binding to human somatostatin receptors (subtypes sst1−sst5). SOM230 has potent, long-lasting inhibitory effects on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 release and is a promising development candidate currently under evaluation in phase I clinical trials.

Table 2.  ¹H and ¹³C NMR Assignments of SOM230, Using Numbering Scheme in NMR Assignment

References

Ranbaxy to introduce malarial treatment Synriam in African nations
Ranbaxy Laboratories has obtained regulatory approval to introduce India’s first new chemical entity (NCE) Synriam (arterolane maleate 150mg and piperaquine phosphate 750mg drug) in seven African countries.

read at

http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/newsmalarial-treatment-synriam-4471331?WT.mc_id=DN_News

Synriam is a new age therapy recommended to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults. It was launched in India in April 2012.

The product was also launched in Uganda and is set to be introduced in Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, Guinea, Kenya and Ivory Coast by the end of January 2015.

Arterolane

Arterolane, also known as OZ277 or RBx 11160,is a substance being tested for antimalarial activity^[1] by Ranbaxy Laboratories.^[2] It was discovered by US and European scientists who were coordinated by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV).^[3] Its molecular structure is uncommon for pharmacological compounds in that it has both an ozonide group and an adamantane substituent.^[4]

Phase III clinical trials of arterolane, in combination with piperaquine, began in India in 2009.^[5] When clinical trial results were disappointing, the MMV withdrew support^[2] and Ranbaxy continued developing the drug combination on its own.

Ranbaxy launched India’s first new drug, Synriam^TM, treating Plasmodium falciparummalaria in adults. The drug provides quick relief from most malaria-related symptoms, including fever, and has a high cure rate of over 95 %.

Just one tablet per day is required, for three days, instead of two to four tablets, twice daily, for three or more days with other medicines. The drug is independent of dietary restrictions for fatty foods or milk.

Ranbaxy developed Synriam as a fixed-dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate, where arterolane is the new chemical entity (NCE) that was developed as an alternative to artemisinin. It is the first recently developed antimalarial not based on artemisinin, one of the most effective treatments for malaria, which has shown problems with resistance in recent years. Arterolane was discovered by a collaborative drug discovery project funded by the Medicines for Malaria Venture. Since Synriam^TM has a synthetic source, unlike artemisinin-based drugs, production can be scaled up whenever required and a consistent supply can be maintained at a low cost.

The new drug, has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for marketing in India and conforms to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for using combination therapy in malaria. Ranbaxy is also working to make it available in African, Asian and South American markets where Malaria is rampant. Synriam^TM trials are ongoing for Plasmodium vivax malaria and a paediatric formulation.

Derek Lowe of the famous In the Pipeline blog had written about arterolane in 2009. At the time it was in Phase III trial, which I assumed were the trials that Ranbaxy was conducting. But it turned out that arterolane was developed by a collaboration between researchers in the US, the UK, Switzerland and Australia who were funded by the World Health Organization and Medicines for Malaria Venture (a Swiss non-profit).

They published this work in Nature in 2004 and further SAR (Structure Activity Relationship) studies in J Med Chem in 2010. So Ranbaxy did not develop the drug from scratch? But the press release quotes Arun Sawhney, CEO and Managing Director of Ranbaxy which misleads people to think so: “It is indeed gratifying to see that Ranbaxy’s scientists have been able to gift our great nation its first new drug, to treat malaria, a disease endemic to our part of the world.

This is a historic day for science and technology in India as well as for the pharmaceutical industry in the country. Today, India joins the elite and exclusive club of nations of the world that have demonstrated the capability of developing a new drug”. So Ranbaxy mixes a known active compound (piperaquine) with a new compound that someone else found to be active (arterolane) and claims that they developed a new drug?

In an interview in LiveMint, Sawhney says, “Ranbaxy spent around $30 million on Synriam and the contribution from DST [India’s Department of Science & Technology] was Rs.5 crore.

The drug went through several phases of development since the project began in 2003. We did not look at this as a commercial development. Instead, this is a CSR [Corporate Social Responsibility] venture for us.” That’s a give away because developing a new drug from scratch has to cost more than $30 million + Rs.50 million.

• Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Ranbaxy), India

  now taken over by sun

Synriam^TM

Description Synriam^TM is a fixed dose combination of two antimalarial active ingredients arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate.

Arterolane maleate is a synthetic trioxolane compound. The chemical name of arterolane maleate is cis-adamantane-2-spiro-3’-8’-[[[(2’-amino-2’ methylpropyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl] 1’,2’,4’-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane hydrogen maleate. The molecular formula is C26H40N2O8 and molecular weight is 508.61. The structural formula is as follows:

Malaria, the most common parasitic disease of humans, remains a major health and economic burden in most tropical countries. Large areas of Central and South America, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Oceania are considered as malaria-risk areas. It leads to a heavy toll of illness and death, especially amongst children and pregnant women.

According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that the disease infects about 400 million people each year, and around two to three million people die from malaria every year. There are four kinds of malaria parasites that infect human: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae.

Malaria spreads from one person to another by the bite of mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, which serves as vector. When a mosquito sucks the blood of human, sporozoites are transfused into the human body together with saliva of the mosquito. The sporozoites enter into the hepatocytes, reproduce asexually and finally enter into the blood stream. The parasites continue to multiply inside the red blood cells, until they burst and release large number of merozoites.

This process continues, destroying a significant number of blood cells and causing the characteristic paroxysm (“chills and fever”) associated with the disease. In the red blood cells, some of the merozoites become male or female gametocytes. These gametocytes are ingested by the mosquito when it feeds on blood. The gametocytes fuse in the vector’s gut; sporozoites are produced and are migrated to the vector’s salivary glands.

The clinical symptoms of malaria are generally associated with the bursting of red blood cells causing an intense fever associated with chills that can leave the infected individual exhausted and bedridden. More severe symptoms associated with repeat infections and/or infection by Plasmodium falciparum include anaemia, severe headaches, convulsions, delirium and, in some instances, death.

Quinine, an antimalarial compound that is extracted from the bark of cinchona tree, is one of the oldest and most effective drugs in existence. Chloroquine and mefloquine are the synthetic analogs of quinine developed in 1940’s, which due to their effectiveness, ease of manufacture, and general lack of side effects, became the drugs of choice. The downside to quinine and its derivatives is that they are short-acting and have bitter taste.

Further, they fail to prevent disease relapses and are also associated with side effects commonly known as “Chinchonism syndrome” characterized by nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vertigo and deafness. However, in recent years, with the emergence of drug- resistant strains of parasite and insecticide-resistant strains of vector, the treatment and/or control of malaria is becoming difficult with these conventional drugs.

Malarial treatment further progressed with the discovery of Artemisinin

(qinghaosu), a naturally occurring endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the plant Artemisia annua (Meshnick et al., Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 60, p. 301-315; Vroman et al., Curr. Pharm. Design, 1999, 5, p. 101-138; Dhingra et al., 2000, 66, p. 279-300), and a number of its precursors, metabolites and semi-synthetic derivatives which have shown to possess antimalarial properties. The antimalarial action of artemisinin is due to its reaction with iron in free heme molecules of the malaria parasite, with the generation of free radicals leading to cellular destruction. This initiated a substantial effort to elucidate its molecular mechanism of action (Jefford, dv. Drug Res. 1997, 29, p. 271-325; Cumming et al., Adv. Pharmacol. 1997, 37, p. 254-297) and to identify novel antimalarial peroxides (Dong and Vennerstrom, Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 2001, 1 1, p. 1753-1760).

Although the clinically useful artemisinin derivatives are rapid acting and potent antimalarial drugs, they have several disadvantages including recrudescence,

neurotoxicity, (Wesche et al., Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 1994, 38, p. 1813-1819) and metabolic instability (White, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1994, 88, p. 41-43). A fair number of these compounds are quite active in vitro, but most suffer from low oral activity (White, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1994, 88, p. 41-43 and van Agtmael et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1999, 20, p. 199-205). Further all these artemisinin derivatives are conventionally obtained from plant source and are therefore expensive.

As the cultivation of the plant material is dependent on many factors including the weather conditions, the supply source thus becomes finite and there are chances of varying yield and potency. This leads to quality inconsistencies and supply constraints. As malaria is more prevalent in developing countries, a switch to cheaper and effective medicine is highly desirable.

Thus there exists a need in the art to identify new peroxide antimalarial agents, especially those which are not dependent on plant source and can be easily synthesized, are devoid of neurotoxicity, and which possess improved solubility, stability and pharmacokinetic properties.

Following that, many synthetic antimalarial 1 ,2,4-trioxanes (Jefford, Adv. Drug Res. 1997, 29, p. 271-325; Cumming et al., Adv. Pharmacol. 1997, 37, p. 254-297), 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (Vennerstrom et al., J. Med. Chem., 2000, 43, p. 2753-2758), and other endoperoxides have been prepared. Various patents/applications disclose means and method for treating malaria using Spiro or dispiro 1,2,4-trioxolanes for example, U.S.

Patent Application No. 2004/0186168 and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,486, 199 and 6,825,230. The present invention relates to solid dosage forms of the various spiro or dispiro 1 ,2,4- trioxolanes antimalarial compounds disclosed in these patents/applications and are incorporated herein by reference.

Active compounds representing various Spiro and dispiro 1 ,2,4-trioxolane derivatives possess excellent potency, efficacy against Plasmodium parasites, and a lower degree of neurotoxicity, in addition to their structural simplicity and ease of synthesis. Furthermore, these compounds have half-lives which are believed to permit short-term treatment regimens comparing favorably to other artemisinin-like drugs. In general, the therapeutic dose of trioxolane derivative may range between about 0.1-1000 mg/kg/day, in particular between about 1-100 mg/kg/day. The foregoing dose may be administered as a single dose or may be divided into multiple doses. For malaria prevention, a typical dosing schedule could be, for example, 2.0-1000 mg/kg weekly beginning 1-2 weeks prior to malaria exposure, continued up to 1-2 weeks post-exposure.

Monotherapy with artemisinin (natural or synthetic) class of drugs might cure the patients within 3 days, however perceiving the potential threat of the malarial parasite developing resistance towards otherwise very potent artemisinin class of drugs, WHO had strictly called for an immediate halt to the provision of single-drug artemisinin malaria pills. Combination therapy in case of malaria retards the development of resistance, improve efficacy by lowering recrudescence rate, provides synergistic effect, and increase exposure of the parasite to the drugs.

Artemsinin based combinations are available in the market for a long time.

Artemether-lumafentrine (Co-artem®) was the first fixed dose antimalarial combination containing an artemisinin derivative and has been known since 1999. This combination has passed extensive safety and efficacy trials and has been approved by more than 70 regulatory agencies. Co-artem® is recommended by WHO as the first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria.

Other artemisinin based combinations include artesunate and amodiaquine (Coarsucam®), and dihydroartemisin and piperaquine (Eurartesim®). Unfortunately, all the available artemisinin based combinations have complicated dosage regimens making it difficult and inconvenient for a patient to comply completely with the total prescribed duration. For example, the dosage regimen of Co-artem®for an adult having body weight of more than 35 kg includes 6 doses over three days.

The first dose comprises four tablets initially, the second dose comprises four tablets after eight hours, the third to sixth doses comprise four tablets twice for another two days; making it a total of 24 tablets. The dosage regimen of Coarsucam® for an adult having body weight of more than 36 kg or age above 14 years includes three doses over three days; each dose comprises two tablets; making it a total of six tablets. The dosage regimen of Eurartesim® for an adult having body weight between 36 kg – 75 kg includes 3 doses over three days, each dose comprises of three tablets, making it a total of nine tablets.

It is evident that the available artemisinin-based combinations have a high pill burden on patients as they need to consume too many tablets. As noted above, this may increase the possibility of missing a few doses, and, consequently, could result in reduced efficacy due to non-compliance and may even lead to development of resistance for the drug. Therefore, there is an urgent and unmet need for anti-malarial combinations with a simplified daily dosing regimen that reduces the pill burden and would increase patient compliance.

Apart from simplifying the regimen, there are certain limitations for formulators developing formulations with trioxolones, the first being their susceptibility to degradation in presence of moisture that results in reduced shelf lives. Another is their bitter taste, which can result in poor compliance of the regimen or selection of another, possibly less effective, therapeutic agent.

……………………..

PATENT

http://www.google.st/patents/US6906205

……………………

PATENT

http://www.google.st/patents/WO2013008218A1?cl=en

structural Formula II.

Formula II

Active compound includes one or more of the various spiro and dispiro trioxolane derivatives disclosed in U.S. Application No. 2004/0186168 and U.S. Patent Nos.

6,486,199 and 6,825,230, which are incorporated herein by reference. These trioxolanes are relatively sterically hindered on at least one side of the trioxolane heterocycle which provides better in vivo activity, especially with respect to oral administration. Particularly, spiro and dispiro 1,2,4-trioxolanes derivatives possess excellent potency and efficacy against Plasmodium parasites, and a lower degree of neurotoxicity.

The term “Active compound I” herein means cis-adamantane-2-spiro-3′-8′-[[[(2′- amino-2′-methylpropyl)amino]carbonyl]-methyl]- 1 ‘,2′,4′-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane hydrogen maleate. The Active compound I may be present in an amount of from about 5% to about 25%, w/w based on the total dosage form.

………………

PATENT

http://www.google.st/patents/WO2007138435A2?cl=en

A synthetic procedure for preparing compounds of Formula I, salts of the free base c«-adamantane-2-spiro-3′-8′-[[[(2′-amino-2′-methyl propyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl]- 1 ‘, 2′, 4′-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane has been disclosed in U.S. 6,906,205.

The process for the preparation of compounds of Formula I wherein a compound of Formula II (wherein R is lower alkyl) is reacted with a compound of Formula III (wherein R is lower alkyl) to obtain compound of Formula IV;

Formula Formula IV

followed by hydrolysis of the compounds of Formula IV to give a compound of Formula V;

Formula V followed by the reaction of the compound of Formula V with an activating agent, for example, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, propyl chloro formate, n-butyl chloro formate, isobutyl chloroformate or pivaloyl chloride leads to the formation of mixed anhydride, which is reacted in situ reaction with 1 ,2-diamino-2-methyl propane to give a compound of Formula VI; and

Formula Vl reacting the compound of Formula VI with an acid of Formula HX (wherein X can be the same as defined earlier) to give compounds of Formula I.

Example 1 : Preparation of O-methyl-2-adamantanone oxime

To a solution of 2-adamantanone (50 g, 0.3328 mol, 1 equiv.) in methanol (0.25 lit), sodium hydroxide solution (15 g, 0.3761mol, 1.13 equiv, in 50 mL water) was added followed by methoxylamine hydrochloride (37.5 g x 81.59% Purity= 30.596 g, 0.366 mol, 1.1 equiv) at room temperature under stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 to 2 h. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. The reaction mixture was concentrated at 40- 45°C under vacuum to get a thick residue. Water (250 mL) was added at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for half an hour. The white solid was filtered, washed with water (50 mL), and dried at 40 to 45°C under reduced pressure. O-methyl 2- adamantanone oxime (57 g, 95 % yield) was obtained as a white solid.

(M⁺+l) 180, ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃ ): δ 1.98 – 1.79 (m, 12H), 2.53 (s, IH), 3.46 ( s, IH), 3.81 (s, 3H).

Example 2: Preparation of 4-(methoxycarbonvmethvPcvclohexanone A high pressure autoclave was charged with a mixture of methyl (4- hydroxyphenyl)acetate (50 g, 0.30 mol), palladium ( 5g) (10 %) on carbon (50 % wet) and O- xylene (250 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred under 110 to 115 psi of hydrogen pressure for 7 to 8 h at 140⁰C. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, and the catalyst was filtered off. Filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to get 4-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)cyclohexanone as light yellow to colorless oily liquid (48.7 g, 97.4 %).

(M⁺+!) 171, ‘ HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃): δ 1.48 – 1.51 ( m, 2H), 2.1 1-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.4- 2.23 (m, 7H), 3.7 (s, 3H).

Example 3: Preparation of methyl (Is, 4s)-dispiro [cyclohexane-l, 3′-f 1,2,4] trioxolane-5′, 2″-tricvclor3.3.1.1³-⁷1decan1-4-ylacetate

A solution of O-methyl-2-adamantanone oxime (example 1) (11.06 g, 61.7 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and 4-(methoxycarbonymethyl)cyclohexanone (example 2) (7.0 g, 41.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) in cyclohexane ( 200ml) and dichloromethane (40 mL) was treated with ozone (ozone was produced with an OREC ozone generator [0.6 L/min. O_2, 60 V] passed through an empty gas washing bottle that was cooled to -78⁰C). The solvent was removed after the reaction was complete. After removal of solvents, the crude product was purified by crystallization from 80% aqueous ethanol (200 mL) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid. Yield: 10.83 g, 78%, mp: 96-98⁰C; ¹HNMR (500 Hz₃CDCl₃): δ 1.20-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.61-2.09 (m, 5 21H), 2.22 (d, J = 6.8Hz, 2H), 3.67(s,3H).

Example 4: Preparation of (Is, 4s)-dispiro [cyclohexane-1, 3′-[l,2,4] trioxolane-5′, 2″- tricvclo [3.3.1.1³‘⁷] decanl-4-ylacetic acid

Sodium hydroxide (3.86 g, 96.57 mmol, 3 equiv.) in water (80 mL) was added to a solution of methyl (\s, 4s)-dispiro [cyclohexane-1, 3′-[l,2,4] trioxolane-5′, 2″-tricyclo

10 [3.3.1.I³‘⁷] decan]-4-ylacetate (example 3) (10.83 g, 32.19 mmol, 1 equiv.) in 95% ethanol (150 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50⁰C for about 4 h, cooled to O⁰C, and treated with IM hydrochloric acid (129ml, 4 equiv). The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 50 % aqueous ethanol (150 mL) and dried in vacuum at 40 ⁰C to give the title compound as colorless solid. Yield: 9.952 g, 96%, mp: 146-148⁰C ( 95% ethanol), ¹HNMR (500 Hz,

15 CDCl₃): δ 1.19-1.41 (m,2H), 1.60-2.05 (m,21H), 2.27 (d, J=6.8 Hz,2H).

Example 5: Preparation of c?s-adamantane-2-spiro-3′-8′-[[[(2′-amino-2′-methyl propyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl]-! ‘, T , 4′-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane

Method A:

(Is, 4s)-dispiro[cyclohexane- 1 ,3 ‘-[ 1 ,2,4]trioxolane-5 ‘,2 ‘ ‘-tricyclo[3.3.1.1³‘⁷]decan]-4-

.0 ylacetic acid (example 4) (5 g ,15.5mmol, 1 equiv) was mixed with triethylamine (2.5 g , 24.8 mmol, 1.6 equiv) in 100ml of dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was cooled to – 1O⁰C to 0⁰C. Ethyl chloro formate (1.68 g, 17 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 15 mL dichloromethane was charged to the above reaction mixture at – 10⁰C to 0⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 to 30 minutes. The resulting mixed anhydride reaction mixture

15 was added dropwise to a previously prepared solution of l,2-diamino-2-methylpropane (1.64 g, 18.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv), in 100 mL dichloromethane at -10⁰C to O⁰C. The temperature of reaction mixture was raised to room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature till the reaction was complete. Reaction monitoring was done by thin layer chromatography using 5 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane. The reaction was complete

>0 within 2 h. Nitrogen atmosphere was maintained throughout the reaction. Water (50 mL) was charged, organic layer was separated and washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL) and water (50 mL) at room temperature. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent was removed at 25 to 4O⁰C under reduced pressure. Hexane (50ml) was added to obtain residue under stirring at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and washed with 5 mL of chilled hexane. The solid was dried under reduced pressure at room 5 temperature.

Yield: 5.2 g (85.4 %), (M⁺+l) 393, ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆ ): δ 0.929 ( s, 6H), 1.105 – 1.079 (m, 2H), 1.887-1.641 (m, 21H), 2.030-2.017 (d, 2H), 2.928 (d, 2H).

Method B:

(Is, 4s)-dispiro [cyclohexane-1, 3′-[l,2,4] trioxolane-5′, 2″-tricyclo [3.3.1.I³‘⁷]

10 decan]-4-ylacetic acid (example 4) (10 g, 31mmol, 1 equiv) was treated with isobutyl chloroformate (4.5 g, 33mmol, 1.1 equiv) in presence of organic base like triethyl amine (5 g, 49.6mmol, 1.6 equiv) at 0⁰C to 7°C in 250ml of dichloromethane. The solution was stirred at O⁰C to 7°C for aboutlO to 30 minutes. To the above reaction mixture, previously prepared solution of l,2-diamino-2-methylpropane (3.27 g, 37 mmol, 1.2 equiv), in 50 mL of

15 dichloromethane was added at O⁰C to 7°C in one lot. The temperature of reaction mixture was raised to room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at the room temperature till reaction was over. Reaction monitoring was done by thin layer chromatography using 5 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane. Reaction was complete within 2 h. The reaction nitrogen atmosphere was maintained throughout the reaction. Water (250 mL) was charged, organic

20 layer was separated and washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL) and water (100 mL) at room temperature and the solvent was removed at 25 to 4O⁰C under reduced pressure. Hexane (100ml) was added to the residue, under stirring, at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and washed with chilled hexane (10 mL). The resultant solid was dried under reduced pressure at room temperature. Yield: 10.63 g (87%), (M⁺+l) 393, ¹HNMR

>5 (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆ ) :δ 0.928 ( s, 6H), 1.102 – 1.074 (m, 2H), 1.859-1.616 (m, 21H), 2.031- 2.013 (d, 2H), 2.94-2.925 (d, 2H). Method C:

(\s, 4s)-dispiro[cyclohexane-l,3′-[l,2,4]trioxolane-5′,2″-tricyclo[3.3.1.1^3>7]decan]-4- ylacetic acid (example 4) (5 g, 15.5mmol, 1 equiv) was treated with pivaloyl chloride (1.87 g, 15.5 mmol, 1 equiv) and triethylamine (2.5gm, 24.8mmol, 1.6 equiv) at -15°C to -10⁰C in dichloromethane (125 mL). The solution was stirred at -15⁰C to -10⁰C for aboutlO to 30 minutes. It resulted in the formation of mixed anydride. To the above reaction mixture, previously prepared solution of 1 ,2-diamino-2-methylpropane (1.64 g, 18.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in 25 mL dichloromethane was added at -15°C to -10⁰C. The temperature of reaction mixture was raised to room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at the room temperature till reaction was over. Reaction monitoring was done by thin layer chromatography using 5 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane. The reaction was complete within 2 h. Nitrogen atmosphere was maintained throughout the reaction. Water (125 mL) was charged, organic layer was separated and washed with 50 mL of 10% sodium bicarbonate solution and 125 mL of water, respectively at room temperature. Finally solvent was removed at 25 to 4O⁰C under reduced pressure. 50 mL of 5% Ethyl acetate – hexane solvent mixture was added to the residue under stirring at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and washed with 5 mL of chilled hexane. Solid was dried under reduced pressure at room temperature. Yield: 5.03 g (83 %), (M⁺+l) 393, ¹JINMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d₆ ):δ 0.93 ( s, 6H), 1.113 – 1.069 (m, 2H), 1.861-1.644 (m, 21H), 2.033-2.015 (d, 2H), 2.948-2.933 (d, 2H).

Example 6: Preparation of c/s-adamantane-2-spiro-3′ -8 ‘-πT(2′-amino-2′ -methyl propyl) amino! carbonyl] methyli-l ‘, 2\ 4′-U-JoXaSpJrQ [4.51 decane maleate To a solution of c/s-adamantane-2-spiro-3′-8′-[[[(2′-amino-2′-methyl propyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl]-! ‘, 2′, 4′-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane (example 5) (60 g, 0.153 moles) in ethanol (150 mL) was added a solution of maleic acid (17.3 g, 0.15 moles, 0.98 equiv. in ethanol 90 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for about 1 h. To this clear solution, n- heptane (720 mL) was added at room temperature in 1 h and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. It was then cooled to 0 to 10⁰C and filtered. The cake was washed with n-heptane (60 mL) and dried under vacuum at 40-45⁰C.

Yield: 67 g, 77.4%, mp: 149⁰C (decomp), (M⁺+l) 393.5, ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-^ ): δ 1.05-1.11 (2H,m), 1.18 (6H,s), 1.64-1.89 (21H,m), 2.07(2H,d), 3.21 (2H,d), 6.06 (2H,d), 7.797 (2H, bs), 8.07 (IH, t).

References

1-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl)-1H-imidazole

64872-77-1  NITRATE ,

64872-76-0 (free base)

Butoconazole nitrate, RS-35887-00-10-3, RS-35887, Gynomyk, Gynazole-1, Femstat

Brief background information

Salt	ATC	Formula	MM	CAS
-	G01AF15	C 19 H 17 Cl 3 N 2 S	411.78 g / mol	64872-76-0
mononitrate	G01AF15	C 19 H 17 Cl 3 N 2 S ⋅ HNO 3	474.80 g / mol	64872-77-1

No Exclusivity found

Drug Name	Femstat 3 (from Drugs@FDA)
Active Ingredient	Butoconazole nitrate
Dosage Form	Cream
Route	Vaginal
Strength	2%
Market Status	Over the Counter
Company	Bayer

• 64872-77-1 , butoconazole nitrate
• CAS Number: 64872-77-1
• Molecular Weight: 474.79
• Molecular Formula: C19H17Cl3N2S ·HNO3

Patent No	Patent Expiry
5993856	Nov 17, 2017

Laszlo Czibula, Laszlo Dobay, Eva Werkne Papp, Judit Nagyne Bagdy, Ferenc Sebok, “High Purity Butoconazole Nitrate with Specified Particle Size and a Process for the Preparation Thereof.” U.S. Patent US20080221190, issued September 11, 2008.

Butoconazole

Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanylbutyl]imidazole
Clinical data
Trade names	Gynazole-1, Mycelex-3
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682012
Pregnancy cat.	US: C
Legal status	US: OTC
Routes	Vaginal cream
Identifiers
CAS number	67085-13-6
ATC code	G01AF15
PubChem	CID 47472
DrugBank	DB00639
ChemSpider	43192
UNII	0Q771797PH
KEGG	D00880
ChEBI	CHEBI:3240
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1295
Chemical data
Formula	C19H17Cl3N2S
Mol. mass	411.776 g/mol

Use

Classes substance

Synthesis pathway

Synthesis of a)

Trade names

Formulations

Reference for syn

1. Synthesis of a)
   • Walker, KAM et al .: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 21, 840 (1978).
   • US 4,078,071 (Syntex; USA-prior. 28.7.1975).
   • DOS 2,800,755

 

 

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Patent

 http://www.google.com/patents/EP1709005A1?cl=en

Butoconazole nitrate (chemical name: l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro- -phenylthio)-n-butyl]-imidazol nitrate) is a compound of the formula (I),

(I)

it belongs among the aryl-ethylimidazole compounds, has fungicidal activity and may be used for the treatment of vaginal infections caused primarily by Candida albicans. Azoles exert their antifungal effect via modifying the ergosterol synthesis of fungus cells; more particularly, imidazoles inhibit the 14α-demethylase enzyme, thereby bringing about an increased level of 14α-methyl sterols which, in turn, causes an alteration of cell membrane permeability leading to the destruction of the fungus cells (Tetrahedron: Asymmetry Vol 4, No. 7, pp. 1521-1526, 1993). The first process for the preparation of the butoconazole nitrate is a multistep synthesis disclosed in the US 4,078,071 patent specification. Here two reaction routes are given for the preparation of the key intermediate of the formula (TV) (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n- -butyl] -imidazole) .

(IN)

According to one of them first an epoxy compound is prepared from an aromatic aldehyde or from an olefinic compound having a terminal double bond; then the epoxy compound is reacted with imidazole to yield the key intermediate. The aromatic aldehyde (VIII)

(VIII)

is treated with expensive and hazardous reagents (trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and sodium hydride) in dry dimethyl sulfoxide and the epoxide formed in the reaction is isolated after a complicated work-up. The epoxide so obtained is converted to the imidazole derivate in a time consuming reaction in the presence of dimethylformamide, then the key intermediate of the formula (IN) (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) is isolated and purified in an additional step. From the compounds having terminal double bond (Nil)

(Nil) the epoxide is obtained via a highly explosive peracidic oxidation step and the epoxide is then converted into (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) (IV) in a manner described above. In the other reaction route a poisoning aromatic α-halo-keto compound is used as starting material which is reacted with imidazole to give the corresponding keto-imidazole which, in turn, is reduced with a complex metal hydride – a reagent with potential hazards – to yield the key intermediate (IN). The reaction mixture is worked up in an involved manner. The synthesis way described in J. Med. Chem., 1978, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp 840-843 is as follows: l-chloro-4-chlorophenyl-2-butanol (II)

(II) is treated with the imidazole (III)

(HI)

in the presence of sodium hydride reagent in dimethylformamide solvent. This substitution reaction takes a long time and gives the (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]- imidazole) (IN) with a poor yield (51.7 %). In the next step of the butoconazole nitrate synthesis

(l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) (IN) is treated with thionyl chloride (which is at once a reagent and a solvent) at 65-70 °C to yield l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloro- -n-butyl] -imidazole of the formula (N).

(V)

The reaction mixture is then evaporated to dryness. The removal of the excess thionyl chloride, a highly corrosive substance, requires special equipment; the same applies to waste treatment, an operation which also involves an environmental risk. The residue is dissolved in dichloromethane, the solution is made alkaline by adding aqueous potassium carbonate solution. Phases are separated, the organic layer is washed with water, dried on magnesium sulphate and evaporated to give l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloro-n-butyl]-imidazole (N), as a gum. Said gum is dissolved in acetone and reacted with 2,6-dichlorothiophenol in the presence of potassium carbonate with a long reaction time. After the reaction has been finished, the inorganic salts are removed by filtration, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue is partitioned between water and ether. Butoconazole nitrate is precipitated with nitric acid from the ethereal layer. The end-product crystals in white plates from a mixture of acetone and ethyl acetate (yield: 84 %). Our aim was to provide a process by which the active agent can be prepared in high purity via reaction steps producing good yields and besides that said steps require neither solvents that are highly flammable and explosive (ether), carcinogenic (dimethylformamide) or corrosive (thionylchloride), nor reagents (e. g. sodium hydride) that are highly flammable or explosive. We have surprisingly found that when the starting material l-chloro-4-chlorophenyl-2-

-butanol (II) is reacted with the imidazole (III) in a mixture of toluene and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, the

(l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) (IN) key intermediate is obtained with short reaction time and excellent yield (95 %). Next we studied alternative solvents to replace the thionyl chloride in solvent function in the reaction step converting (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) (IN) into (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloro-n-butyl]-imidazole) (N). In the inert solvents which could be taken into account such as dichloromethane, toluene, chlorobenzene and dimethylformamide, the chlorinating reaction yielded a sticky reaction mixture which couldn’t be processed. We have surprisingly found, however that when (l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) (IN) is dissolved in 1 ,2-dichloroethane and reacted with approximately equimolar amount of thionyl chloride reagent in the presence of catalytic amount of dimethylformamide at 30-35 °C temperature, a crystal suspension is obtained which is easy-to-stir during the whole reaction time, resulting in that chlorination proceeds completely giving l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloro-n-butyl]-imidazole (N) in quantitative yield. Being the compound sufficiently pure, it is not isolated, but separated by extraction and reacted directly with 2,6-dichlorothiophenol in methyl isobutyl ketone to give 1 -[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-imidazole (VI) (butoconazole).

(NI)

Example 1. Preparation of (1 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hvdroxy-n-butyll-imidazole) (IV) To a solution of 56.7 g (0.26 mol) of l-chloro-4-chloroρhenyl-2-butanol (J. of Medicinal Chemistry, 1978. Nol. 21. No. 8. p. 842) in 200 ml of toluene 36.2 g (0.9 mol) of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 100 ml of water, 6.4 g (0.028 mol) of benzyltriethyammom^‘um chloride and 35.2 g (0.51 mol) of imidazole (III) are added. The reaction mixture is heated at 93-95 °C for one hour then the temperature is returned to about 60 °C, the phases are separated and to the organic layer water (100 ml) is added. The mixture is first stirred at 22-25 °C for 1 hour then at 0-5 °C for two hours. The crystals are separated by filtration, washed with water (2 x 35 ml) of 0-5 °C to yield 74 g of wet (l-[4-(4-chloroρhenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole) which is dried at maximum 50 °C in vacuo to give 61.6 g (95 %) of the product. Recrystallization from ethyl acetate gives 52.4 g (85 %) of dry product melting at 104-106 °C.

 

Example 2. Preparation of l-[4-(4-chlorophenvπ-2-(2,6-(McMorophenyl o)-n-butyl1-ϊmidazole nitrate (I) 25 g (0.1 mol) of l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-n-butyl]-imidazole (IN) is suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane (125 ml), to this suspension dimethylformamide (1 ml) and thionyl chloride (13.6 g; 0.11 mol) are added at 30-32 °C and the reaction mixture is kept at 35-38 °C for 1.5 hour under stirring. After the chlorination has been finished the homogenous solution is cooled to 15-18 °C, the excess of thionyl choride is decomposed with water (10 ml) then again water (80 ml) is added to the solution. After stirring at 20-22 °C for 0.5 hour the phases are separated and the organic layer is extracted with water (30 ml). To the aqueous solution methyl isobutyl ketone (250 ml) is added and the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 8.5 – 9 with 15 g (0.14 mol) of sodium carbonate dissolved in water (70 ml). The mixture is stirred at 22-25 °C for 0.5 hour, phases are separated, from the organic layer an 50 ml portion is distilled off to remove water and to the remaining solution 26.8 g (0.15 mol) of 2,6-dichloro-thiophenol and 40 g (0.29 mol) of dry potassium carbonate are added. The suspension is stirred at 105 – 108 °C under nitrogen for 3-4 hours. After the reaction has been finished the inorganic salts are removed by filtration at 22-25 °C, the filtrate is washed and clarified with activated carbon and the pH of the clear solution is adjusted to 3 – 3.5 by adding about 8 – 9 ml of 65 % nitric acid. The solution is stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour then the temperature is lowered to 8 – 12 °C. The crystals obtained are filtered and washed to give 48 g of wet l-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]- -imidazole nitrate corresponding to 42.6 g (90 %) of dry product.

HPLC

Details of the HPLC method: Type of the apparatus: Spectra System/TSP (manufacturer: Thermo Separation Products, USA) Column: LiChrospher RP-18, 250×4.0 mm ID., 5 μm (Merck, Germany, Cat. No. : 1.50983) Mobile phase: methanol : buffer = 8:2 Bujfer: 2.18 g KH₂PO₄ + 4.18 g K₂HPO₄-3H₂O dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water; MeOH (HPLC Gradient grade, Merck, Germany, Cat. No.: 1.06007.2500) KH₂PO₄ (p.a., Merck, Germany, Cat. No.: 1.04877.1000) K₂HPO₄-3H₂O (p.a., Merck, Germany, Cat. No.: 1.05099.1000) Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min Temperature: 40 °C Detection: UN 229 nm Solvent for sampling: eluent Sample concentration: 1.0 mg/ml Injected volume: 10 μl Duration of analysis: 40 min Evaluation: area normalization method. Approximative retention time: 11.9 min B. Particle size: Particle size was determined by sieve analysis using an Alpine sieve operated by a jet of air.

……………………..

WALKER K A M ET AL: “1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro phenylthio)-n-butyl]-1H-imidazole nitrate, a new potent antifungal agent” JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 21, no. 8, August 1978 (1978-08), pages 840-843,

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jm00206a028

1- [4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-b~-
tyll-lH-imidazole nitrate (I).

I as colorless blades
(9.6 g, 84%): mp 162-163 “C (foaming). Anal. (C19H18C13N303S)
C, H, N. The free base prepared by neutralization of a suspension
of 1 in ether with aqueous potassium carbonate and recrystallization
from cyclohexane had mp 68-70.5 “C (foaming).

……………….

FULL SYNTHESIS

SEE

http://www.chemdrug.com/databases/8_0_yyfgohllmfsvfvsx.html

The chlorohydrin (II) is obtained by the reaction of p-chlorobenzylmagnesium chloride (I) with epichlorohydrin (A) in ether. This is then converted to the crystalline alcohol (III) by reaction with sodium imidazole (B) in DMF. On treatment with thionyl chloride is converted to the corresponding chloro compound (IV). When (IV) is reacted with 2,6-dichloro thiophenol (C) in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate in acetone, the free base of butoconazole is formed. Neutralization of the free base (V) with nitric acid gives butoconazole.

References

1. Seidman, L. S.; Skokos, C. K. (2005). “An evaluation of butoconazole nitrate 2% site release vaginal cream (Gynazole-1) compared to fluconazole 150 mg tablets (Diflucan) in the time to relief of symptoms in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis”. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology 13 (4): 197–206. doi:10.1080/10647440500240615. PMC 1784583. PMID 16338779. edit
2.  Butoconazole monograph

Literature References:

Imidazole derivative with antifungal properties. Prepn: K. A. M. Walker, US 4078071 (1978 to Syntex).

 

Prepn, toxicity, activity vs Candida albicans in mice: K. A. M. Walker et al., J. Med. Chem. 21, 840 (1978).

 

In vitro comparison with other antifungal agents: F. C. Odds et al., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 14, 105 (1984).

 

Clinical trials in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: W. Droegemueller et al., Obstet. Gynecol. 64, 530 (1984); J. B. Jacobson et al., Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 64, 241 (1985).

 

Comparison with miconazole, q.v.: C. S. Bradbeer et al., Genitourin. Med. 61, 270 (1985).

Olaparib

オラパリブ

奥拉帕尼

Women suffering from advanced relapsed BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer could gain access to a new treatment option after European regulators waved through AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib).

The European Commission has approved the first-in-class PARP inhibitor for the maintenance treatment of adults with platinum-sensitive relapsed BRCA-mutated high-grade serous epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer, who are in complete response or partial response to platinum-based chemotherapy.

read at……http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/14-12-18/AZ_first-in-class_PARP_inhibitor_Lynparza_wins_EU_nod.aspx

4-[[3-[4-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]-4-fluorophenyl]methyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one, cas  763113-22-0

Kudos Pharmaceuticals Limited

Olaparib, AZD2281,  AZD2281

KU-0059436
KU-59436

Olaparib (AZD-2281, trade name Lynparza) is an experimental chemotherapeutic agent, developed by KuDOS Pharmaceuticalsand later by AstraZeneca, that is currently undergoing clinical trials. It is an inhibitor of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), an enzyme involved in DNA repair.^[1] It acts against cancers in people with hereditary BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, which includes many ovarian, breast and prostate cancers.

Olaparib is an oral poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitor developed by AstraZeneca. The product is awaiting registration in the E.U. and US as a maintenance treatment of patients with BRCA mutated platinum-sensitive relapsed serous ovarian cancer. In 2014, positive opinion was received in the E.U. recommending Lynparza approval for the maintanance treatment of BRCA mutated platinum-sensitive relapsed serous ovarian cancer.

An oral poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor being investigated by British drug company AstraZeneca, is seeking approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of BRCA mutated platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. AstraZeneca filed the US regulatory submission for olaparib in February 2014.  Olaparib, one of several cancer drugs AstraZeneca flagged as having strong potential in its defense of a $118 billion take-over bid by Pfizer,was accepted for priority review on April 30, 2014  by the U.S.  Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The NDA filing was based on Phase II study 19 data, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II study.

On June 25, 2014, FDA Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC), an advisory panel to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),  voted 11 to two against the accelerated approval of the PARP inhibitor olaparib as a maintenance therapy for women with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer who have the germline BRCA (gBRCA) mutation, and who are in complete or partial response to platinum-based chemotherapy. By voting no, the committee recommended waiting for results from the larger confirmatory phase III SOLO-2 trial, which began enrolling in September 2013. According to clincialtrials.gov, the SOLO-2 study (NCT01874353) is slated to wrap in July 2015.

In terms of clinical development, phase III trials are ongoing at AstraZeneca for the treatment of gastric cancer and metastatic breast cancer. Olaparib is also in phase II clinical studies for several indications, including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. In March 2014, a phase II was also initiated in GB for the treatment of patients with stage IIIB or stage IV NSCLC that is not amenable to curative therapy. A phase I clinical trial for the treatment of melanoma has been completed. Phase II clinical trials are ongoing at General Hospital Corp. for the treatment of sarcoma. The drug had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal cancer; however no recent developments have been reported.

Discovered by KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, has experienced several twists and turns during its clinical development. Promising results for the drug were reported at the 2011 ASCO Annual Meeting, based on impressive early phase II results, only to have clinical development discontinued later that year after disappointing phase II trial results in a more generalized group of ovarian cancer patients. However, a re-analysis of the data in BRCA-positive patients – coupled with a reformulation of the drug – convinced the British drugmaker to think again and keep it going. AstraZeneca initiates Phase III clinical studies (SOLO 1 and SOLO 2) for olaparib in the U.S. in September 2013. AstraZeneca has filed Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) for olaparib in EU in September 2013 based on Phase II study 19 data. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has already granted olaparib orphan drug status for ovarian cancer and will hold an advisory panel hearing on the company’s application on June 25, 2014.

In 2013, orphan drug designation in the U.S. was assigned to the compound for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The compound was originally developed by Kudos Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by AstraZeneca in 2006.

Early Phase I trials were promising, and olaparib underwent Phase II trials. However, in December 2011, AstraZeneca announced following interim analysis of a phase-II study which indicated that the previously reported progression free survival benefit was unlikely to translate into an overall survival benefit, that it would not progress into Phase III development for the maintenance treatment of serous ovarian cancer,^[2] and took a charge of $285 million. The decision to discontinue development of the drug was reversed in 2013,^[3] with AstraZeneca posting a new Phase III trial of Olaparib for patients with BRCA mutated ovarian cancer in April 2013.^[4]

Mechanism of action

Olaparib acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) and is one of the first PARP inhibitors. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations may be genetically predisposed to developing some forms of cancer, and are often resistant to other forms of cancer treatment, but this also sometimes gives their cancers a unique vulnerability, as the cancer cells have increased reliance on PARP to repair their DNA and enable them to continue dividing. This means that drugs which selectively inhibit PARP may be of significant benefit in patients whose cancers are susceptible to this treatment.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]}

Trial results

Phase I clinical trials, in patients with BRCA-mutated tumors including ovarian cancer, were encouraging.^[11] In one of these studies, it was given to 19 patients with inherited forms of advanced breast, ovarian and prostate cancers caused by mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In 12 of the patients, none of whom had responded to other therapies, tumours shrank or stabilised.^[12] One of the first patients to be given the treatment (who had castration-resistant prostate cancer) was as of July 2009 still in remission after two years.

In 2009 Phase II clinical trials examining the efficacy of Olaparib in treating breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer were initiated.^[13][14] A phase II trial that included 63 cases of ovarian cancer concluded that olaparib is promising for women with ovarian cancer. [7 responses in 17 patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and 11 responses in the 46 who did not have these mutations.]^[15]

Side effects

Olaparib is generally well tolerated, the side effects consist mainly of fatigue, somnolence, nausea, loss of appetite and thrombocytopenia.

………………………

…………….

LOU Xi-yu, YANG Xuan, DING Yi-li, WANG Jian-jun, YAN Qing-yan, HUANG Xian-gui, GUO Yang-hui, WANG Xiang-jing, XIANG Wen-sheng Synthesis of Olaparib Derivatives and Their Antitumor Activities

2013 Vol. 29 (2): 231-235 [摘要] ( 390 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 22 ) doi: 10.1007/s40242-013-2448-5

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4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluorobenzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one: A novel bioavailable inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1
J Med Chem 2008, 51(20): 6581

…………………………..

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2004080976A1?cl=en

Synthesis of Key Intermediates

3- (4-0x0-3 , 4-dihydrophthalazin-l -ylmethyl) benzoic a cid (A)

A mixture of 27% sodium methoxide solution in methanol (400 g, 2 mol) and methanol (150 ml) was added dropwise between ambient temperature and 30°C over 15 minutes to a stirred mixture of phthalide (67 g, 0.5 mol), 3-formylbenzonitrile (65.5 g, 0.5 mol) and ethyl propionate (250 ml) , the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 40 minutes and at reflux temperature for 1 hour, then it was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The resulting red solid was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 ml) and dissolved in water (1800 ml) . The solution was acidified by the addition of acetic acid (60 ml) and the resulting red solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 200 ml) and dried in vacuo to give 3- (1,3- dioxoindan-2-yl) benzonitrile (83.2 g) as a dark red solid, m.pt. 179- 182°C, m/z (M+H)⁺‘ 248, which was used without further purification.

3- (1, 3-Dioxoindan-2-yl) benzonitrile (74.18 g, 0.3 mol) was added in portions to a solution of sodium hydroxide (36 g, 0.9 mol) in water (580 ml), the resulting dark red suspension was stirred at reflux temperature for 5 hours, then it was cooled to ambient temperature and washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 300 ml) . The aqueous solution was acidified by the dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (110 ml), the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour, then the resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 200 ml) and dried in vacuo to give a 1:1 mixture of 3- (1,3- dioxoindan-2-yl)benzoic acid, (M+H)⁺” 267, and 2- [2- (3- carboxyphenyl) acetyl] benzoic acid, (M+H)⁺‘ 285, (69.32 g) , which was used without further purification.

The mixture obtained in the previous step (52.8 g) was added to a solution of triethylamine (37.55 g, 0.372 mol) in industrial methylated spirit (500 ml) and the resulting cloudy solution was filtered through a pad of filter-aid to give a clear solution. Hydrazine monohydrate (9.3 g, 0.186 mol) was added in one portion at ambient temperature, the stirred mixture was heated under reflux for 1 hour, then it was concentrated in vacuo to approximately 250 ml and added to a solution of sodium acetate (41 g, 0.5 mol) in water (500 ml) . The mixture was brought to pH 7 by the dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid, then it was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (50 ml) and dried in va cuo to give a white solid (15.62 g) . The combined filtrate and washings were acidified to pH 6 by the addition of hydrochloric acid, then the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (50 ml) and dried in va cuo to give a second crop of off-white solid (17.57 g) . The combined filtrate and washings from the second crop were readjusted to pH 6 and treated as before to give a third crop of pale orange solid (6.66 g) . The three crops were combined to give essentially pure 3- (4-oxo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl) benzoic acid (A), (M+H)⁺‘ 281, δ_H 4.4 (2H, s), 7.2-7.4 (IH, m) , 7.5-7.6 (IH, ) , 7.7-8.0 (5H, m) , 8.1- 8.2 (IH, m) , 12.6 (IH, s)

b . 2-Fluoro-5- (4-oxo-3 , 4-dihydro-phthalazin -l -ylmethyl) benzoi c a cid (B)

Dimethyl phosphite (22.0 g, 0.2 mol) was added drop-wise to a solution of sodium methoxide (43.0 g) in methanol (100 ml) at 0°C. 2- Carboxybenzaldehyde (21.0 g, 0.1 mol) was then added portion-wise to the reaction mixture as a slurry in methanol (40 ml), with the temperature kept below 5°C. The resulting pale yellow solution was warmed to 20°C over 1 hour. Methanesulphonic acid (21.2 g, 0.22 mol) was added to the reaction drop-wise and the resulting white suspension was evaporated in va cuo . The white residue was quenched with water and extracted into chloroform (3 x 100 ml) . The combined organic extracts were washed with water (2 x 100 ml) , dried over MgS0₄, and evaporated in va cuo to yield (3-oxo-l, 3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-l-yl) phosphonic acid dimethyl ester as a white solid (32.0 g, 95 %, 95 % purity) . This was then used without further purification in the next stage.

To a mixture of (3-oxo-l, 3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-l-yl) phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (35.0 g, 0.14 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) and 2- fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (20.9 g, 0.14 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (130 ml) was added triethylamine (14 ml, 0.14 mol) drop-wise over 25 min, with the temperature kept below 15°C. The reaction mixture was warmed slowly to 20°C over 1 hour and concentrated in vacuo . The white residue was slurried in water (250 ml) for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water, hexane and ether, and dried to yield 2-fluoro-5- (3- oxo-3H-isobenzofuran-l-ylidenemethyl) benzonitrile as a 50:50 mixture of E and Z isomers (37.2 g, 96 %); m/z [M+l]⁺ 266 (98 % purity) To a suspension of 2-fluoro-5- (3-oxo-3H-isobenzofuran-l- ylidenemethyl) benzonitrile in water (200 ml) was added aqueous sodium hydroxide (26.1 g in 50 ml water) solution and the reaction mixture was heated under nitrogen to 90 °C for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was partially cooled to 70°C, and hydrazine hydrate (100 ml) was added and stirred for 18 hours at 70°C. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and acidified with 2M HC1 to pH 4. The mixture was stirred for 10 min and filtered. The resulting solid was washed with water, hexane, ether, ethyl acetate and dried to yield 2-fluoro-5- (4-oxo-3, 4- dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl)benzoic acid as a pale pink powder (30.0 g, 77 %) . m/z [M+l]⁺ 299 (96 % purity), δ_H 4.4 (2H, s) , 7.2-7.3 (IH, m) , 7.5-7.6 (IH, m) , 7.8-8.0 (4H, m) , 8.2-8.3 (IH, m) , 12.6 (IH, s).

c . 1 – [3- (4-Oxo-S , 4-dihydrophthalazin-l -ylmethyl) benzoyl]piperidine-4- carboxylic a cid (C)

undesried????????

(A) (C)

3- (4-Oxo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl)benzoic acid (A) (7.0 g, 0.25 mol), ethyl isonipecotate (5 ml, 0.32 mol), 2- (lH-benzotriazol-1-yl) – 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (12.3 g, 0.32 mol) and N, N, -diisopropylethylamine (10.0 ml, 0.55 mol) were added to dimethylacetamide (40 ml) and stirred for 18 h. Water (100 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and the product was extracted into dichloromethane (4 x 50 ml) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (3 x 100 ml), dried over MgS0, filtered and evaporated in va cuo to yield an oil. To a solution of the oil in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was added 10 % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml) and the reaction was stirred for 18 hours. The reaction was concentrated, washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 30 ml) and acidified with 2M HCl to pH 2. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 100 ml), then the extracts were dried over MgS0₄, filtered and evaporated to yield 1- [3- (4-oxo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl)benzoyl]piperidine- 4-carboxylic acid (C) as a yellow solid (7.0 g, 65 %), m/z [M+l]⁺ 392

(96 % purity), δ_H 1.3-1.8 (5H, m) , 2.8-3.1 (4H, m) , .4 (2H, s), 7.2- 7.3 (IH, m) , 7.3-7.4 (IH, ) , 7.7-8.0 (5H, m) , 8.2-E 3 (IH, m) , 12.6 (IH, s) .

d . 1 – [2-Fluoro-5- (4 -oxo-3 , 4-dihydrophthala zin-l – ylmethyl) benzoyl]piperidine-4~carboxylic a cid (D)

(B) (D)

2-Fluoro-5- ( -oxo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl) benzoic acid (B) (3.1 g, 0.14 mol), ethyl isonipecotate (1.7 ml, 0.11 mol), 2-(lH- benzotriazol-1-yl) -1,1,3, 3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (5.1 g, 0.13 mol) and N,N, -diisopropylethylamine (10.0 ml, 0.55 mol) were added to dimethylacetamide (15 ml) and stirred for 18 hours. Water (100 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and the product was extracted into dichloromethane (4 x 50 ml) . The combined organic layers were, filtered, washed with water (3 x 100 ml), dried over MgS0₄, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to yield an orange oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (ethyl acetate) to yield l-[2- fluoro-5- (4-oxo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl) benzoyl] piperidine-4- carboxylic acid as the methyl ester (1.5 g, 33 %, 96 % purity) . To a solution of the methyl ester in tetrahydrofuran: water (2:1, 40 ml) was added sodium hydroxide (0.3 g, 0.075 mol) and the reaction was stirred for 18 h. The reaction was concentrated, washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 20 ml) and acidified with 2M HC1 to pH 2. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 20 ml) , and the combined extracts were dried over MgS0₄ and evaporated to yield 1- [3- ( 4-oxo-3, 4- dihydrophthalazin-1-ylmethyl) benzoyl] piperidine- -carboxylic acid (D) as a yellow solid (0.6 g, 65 %), m/z [M+l]⁺ 392 (96 % purity) Example 1 – Synthesis of Key Compounds

a. Synthesis of 4- [3- (piperazine-1-carfoonyl)benzyl] -2H-phthalasin-l- one (1)

undesired????????

(A) (1)

3- (4-0xo-3, 4-dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl) benzoic acid (A) (5.0g, 0.17mol), tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (3.9 g, 0.21 mol), 2-(lH- benzotriazol-1-yl) -1,1,3, 3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (8.6 g, 0.22 mol) and N, , -diisopropylethylamine (6.7 ml, 0.38 mol) were added to dimethylacetamide (40 ml) and stirred for 18 hours. Water (100 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 100°C for 1 hour. The suspension was cooled to room temperature, filtered and dried to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in a solution of 6M HC1 and ethanol (2:1, 50 ml) and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was concentrated, basified with ammonia to pH 9, and the product was extracted into dichloromethane (2 x 50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2 x 50 ml), dried over MgS0₄, and evaporated in va cuo to yield 4- [3- (piperazine-1-carbonyl) benzyl] – 2H-phthalazin-l-one (1) as a yellow crystalline solid (4.0 g, 77 %); m/z [M+l]⁺ 349 (97 % purity), δ_H 2.6-3.8 (8H, ) , 4.4 (2H, s), 7.2-7.5 (4H, m) , 7.7-8.0 (3H, m) , 8.2-8.3 (IH, m) , 12.6 (IH, s)

b . Synthesis of 4 – [4-Fluoro-3- (piperazine-1 -carbonyl) benzyl ] -2H- phthala zin ~l -one (2)

desired……

(^β) (2)

The synthesis was carried out according to the method described in (a) above using 2-fluoro-5- (4-oxo-3, -dihydrophthalazin-l-ylmethyl) benzoic acid (B) to yield 4- [4-fluoro-3- (piperazine-1-carbonyl) benzyl] -2H- phthalazin-1-one (2) as a white crystalline solid (4.8 g, 76 %); m/z [M+l]⁺ 367 (97 % purity), δ_H 2.6-3.8 (8H, m) , 4.4 (2H, s), 7.2-7.5 (3H, m) , 7.7-8.0 (3H, m) , 8.2-8.3 (IH, m) , 12.6 (IH, s) .

…………………………..

US 8183369

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US8183369

4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluoro-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (compound A) disclosed in WO 2004/080976:

is of particular interest.

A crystalline form of compound A (Form A) is disclosed in co-pending applications, which claim priority from U.S. 60/829,694, filed 17 Oct. 2006, entitled “Phthalazinone Derivative”, including U.S. Ser. No. 11/873,671 and WO 2008/047082.

Form A

References(a) 4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluoro-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (Compound A)

2-Fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid (D)(15.23 g, 51.07 mmol) was suspended with stirring under nitrogen in acetonitrile (96 ml). Diisopropylethylamine (19.6 ml, 112.3 mmol) was added followed by 1-cyclopropylcarbonylpiperazine (I)(9.45 g, 61.28 mmol) and acetonitrile (1 ml). The reaction mixture was cooled to 18° C. 0-Benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (25.18 g, 66.39 mmol) was added over 30 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 3° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1 hour, before being filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold (3° C.) acetonitrile (20 ml) before being dried in vacuo at up to 40° C. to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid (20.21 g).

Mass Spectrum: MH+ 435

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 0.70 (m, 4H), 1.88 (br s, 1H), 3.20 (br s, 2H), 3.56 (m, 6H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 7.17 (t, 1H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.77 (dt, 1H), 7.83 (dt, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 8.25 (dd, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H).

………………………..

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US8247416

4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluoro-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (compound A) disclosed in WO 2004/080976:

is of particular interest.

In WO 2004/080976, compound A was synthesised as one of a number of library compounds from 4-[4-fluoro-3-(piperazine-1-carbonyl)-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (compound B):

by the addition of cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride:

to a solution of (B) in dichloromethane, followed by Hünig’s base (N,N-diisopropylethyl amine). This reaction is carried out with stirring at room temperature for 16 hours, and the resulting compound being purified by preparative HPLC.

The piperazine derivative (B) was prepared by deprotecting 4-[2-fluoro-5-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-phthalazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzoyl]-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (compound C):

by the use of 6M HCl and ethanol for 1 hour, followed by basification with ammonia to pH 9, and extraction into dichloromethane.

The Boc-protected piperazine derivative (C) was prepared from 2-fluoro-5-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-phthalazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid (compound D):

by the addition of piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester:

2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and N,N,-diisopropylethylamine in dimethylacetamide, followed by stirring for 18 hours.

In WO 2004/080976, the following route to compound D is disclosed:

The method of synthesising compound D may further comprise the step of:

(c) synthesising 2-fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzonitrile (ED):

from compound E by reaction with hydrazine hydrate; and

(d) synthesising compound D from compound ED by reaction with sodium hydroxide.

Step (c) may be achieved by using between 1.1 and 1.3 equivalents of hydrazine hydrate in tetrahydrofuran followed by neutralisation of the excess hydrazine hydrate using acetic acid.

A sixth aspect of the present invention provides the compound ED:

and its use in the synthesis of compound D.

EXAMPLES

Example 1Synthesis of Compound A

Starting material (D) was synthesised by the method disclosed in WO 2004/080976

Methods

Preparative HPLC

Samples were purified with a Waters mass-directed purification system utilising a Waters 600 LC pump, Waters Xterra C18 column (5 μm 19 mm×50 mm) and Micromass ZQ mass spectrometer, operating in positive ion electrospray ionisation mode. Mobile phases A (0.1% formic acid in water) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) were used in a gradient; 5% B to 100% over 7 min, held for 3 min, at a flow rate of 20 ml/min.

Analytical HPLC-MS

Analytical HPLC was carried out with a Spectra System P4000 pump and Jones Genesis C18 column (4 μm, 50 mm×4.6 mm). Mobile phases A (0.1% formic acid in water) and B (acetonitrile) were used in a gradient of 5% B for 1 min rising to 98% B after 5 min, held for 3 min at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Detection was by a TSP UV 6000LP detector at 254 nm UV and range 210-600 nm PDA. The Mass spectrometer was a Finnigan LCQ operating in positive ion electrospray mode.

(a) 4-[2-Fluoro-5-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-phthalazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzoyl]-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (C)

To a stirred solution of the starting material D (850 g) in dimethylacetamide (DMA) (3561 ml) at room temperature under nitrogen was added HBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate) (1402 g) in one portion. Hünig’s base (iPr₂NEt, 1096 ml) was then added with the temperature kept between 15 to 25° C. followed by a solution of 1-Boc-piperazine (637 g) in DMA (1428 ml) with the temperature kept between 15 to 25° C.

The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and sampled for completion (HPLC). Upon completion the solution was added to vigorously stirred water (17085 ml) with the temperature kept between 15 to 25° C. and the solid filtered off, washing with water (2×7131 ml), hexane (2×7131 ml) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (2×3561 ml). The solid was then dried overnight and then sampled for water content and chemical purity.

This reaction was then repeated, see table:

		Purity	Water Content
Batch	Yield (g)	(HPLC Area %)	(K.F.)	Corrected yield
1	1571.3	86.80	24.3	1032.5 g (78%)
2	2781.6	85.00	40.3	1411.5 g (106%)
a. Greater than 100% yield attributed to non-representative sampling

(b) 4-[4-Fluoro-3-(piperazine-1-carbonyl)-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (B)

To a stirred solution of industrial methylated spirits (IMS) (2200 ml) and concentrated HCl (4400 ml) was added compound C (2780.2 g) in portions at room temperature under nitrogen, the foaming was controlled by the addition rate. The solution was then stirred at 15 to 25° C. for 30 minutes and sampled for completion (HPLC).

Upon completion the solution was evaporated to remove any IMS and the aqueous extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×3500 ml) before the pH was adjusted to >8 using concentrated ammonia. The resultant slurry was then diluted with water (10000 ml) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×3500 ml), washed with water (2×2000 ml), dried over MgSO₄ (250 g) and evaporated. The crude product was then slurried in CH₂Cl₂ (3500 ml) and added to MTBE (5000 ml). The resultant suspension was filtered and dried at 50° C. overnight yielding 611.0 g (58.5% yield) of material with a purity of 94.12%

(c) 4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluoro-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (A)

To a stirred suspension of compound B (1290 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (15480 ml) under nitrogen was added a pre-mixed solution of triethylamine (470 ml) and cyclopropane carbonyl chloride (306 ml) in CH₂Cl₂ (1290 ml) dropwise with the temperature kept below 20° C. The solution was then stirred at 10-15° C. for 15 minutes and sampled for completion. The reaction mixture was found to contain only 1.18% of starting material B and so the reaction was deemed complete and the batch was then worked-up.

The reaction mixture was washed with water (7595 ml), 5% citric acid solution (7595 ml), 5% sodium carbonate solution (7595 ml) and water (7595 ml). The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate (500 g).

The CH₂Cl₂ containing product layer was then isolated, filtered through Celite and charged to a 251 vessel. CH₂Cl₂ (8445 ml) was then distilled out at atmospheric pressure and ethanol (10000 ml) added. Distillation was then continued with every 4000 ml of distillate that was removed being replaced with ethanol (4000 ml) until the head temperature reached 73.7° C. The reaction volume was then reduced (to 7730 ml) by which time the head temperature had reached 78.9° C. and the solution was allowed to cool to 8° C. overnight. The solid was then filtered off, washed with ethanol (1290 ml) and dried at 70° C. overnight. Yield=1377.3 g (90%). HPLC purity (99.34% [area %]). Contained 4.93% ethanol and 0.45% CH₂Cl₂ by GC.

(d) Water Treatment of Compound A

A suspension of compound A (1377.0 g), as produced by the method of Example 1, in water (13770 ml) was heated to reflux for 4 hours, cooled to room temperature and filtered. The solid was washed with water (2754 ml) and dried at 70° C. overnight. Yield=1274.8 g (92.6%). HPLC purity (99.49% [area %]). Contained 0.01% ethanol and 0.01% CH₂Cl₂ by GC.

¹H NMR spectrum of compound A (DMSO-d6) following the water treatment is shown in FIG. 1.

The powder XRD pattern of Compound A following the water treatment is shown in FIG. 2, which shows the compound is as Form A.

Example 2

Alternative Synthesis of Compound A Using 1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl) piperazine

Methods (also for Examples 3 & 4)

NMR

¹H NMR spectra were recorded using Bruker DPX 400 spectrometer at 400 MHz. Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm) on the δ scale relative to tetramethylsilane internal standard. Unless stated otherwise all samples were dissolved in DMSO-d₆.

Mass Spectra

Mass spectra were recorded on an Agilent XCT ion trap mass spectrometer using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for structural confirmation. The instrument was operated in a positive ion elctrospray mode.

(a) 4-[3-(4-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-4-fluoro-benzyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one (Compound A)

2-Fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid (D)(15.23 g, 51.07 mmol) was suspended with stirring under nitrogen in acetonitrile (96 ml). Diisopropylethylamine (19.6 ml, 112.3 mmol) was added followed by 1-cyclopropylcarbonylpiperazine (1)(9.45 g, 61.28 mmol) and acetonitrile (1 ml). The reaction mixture was cooled to 18° C. O-Benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (25.18 g, 66.39 mmol) was added over 30 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 3° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1 hour, before being filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold (3° C.) acetonitrile (20 ml) before being dried in vacuo at up to 40° C. to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid (20.21 g).

Mass Spectrum: MH+435

1H NMR (400 MHz. DMSO-d6) δ: 0.70 (m, 4H), 1.88 (br s, 1H), 3.20 (br s, 2H), 3.56 (m, 6H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 7.17 (t, 1H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.77 (dt, 1H), 7.83 (dt, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 8.25 (dd, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H).

Example 3Alternative Synthesis of Compound A Using 1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl) piperazine HCl salt

(a) 1-(Cyclopropylcarbonyl)piperazine HCl salt (I′)

Acetic acid (700 ml) was treated with piperazine (50.00 g, 0.581 mol) portionwise over 15 minutes with stirring under nitrogen The reaction mixture was warmed to 40° C. and maintained at this temperature until a complete solution was obtained. Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride 59.2 ml, 0.638 mol) was added over 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate distilled under reduced pressure until ˜430 ml of distillates had been collected. Toluene (550 ml) was charged to the reaction mixture and reduced pressure distillation continued until a further 400 ml of distillates were collected. A further charge of toluene (550 ml) was added and reduced pressure distillation continued until 350 ml of distillates were collected. The resulting slurry was diluted with toluene (200 ml) and stirred overnight. Further toluene (500 ml) was added in order to mobilise the slurry. The slurry was filtered, washed with toluene (100 ml) and dried in vacuo at 40° C. to give the title compound as an off white solid (86.78 g).

Mass Spectrum: MH+155

¹H NMR (400 MHz. D₂O) δ: 0.92 (m, 4H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 4.08 (m, 2H).

(b) Compound A

2-Fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid (D)(0.95 g, 3.19 mmol) was suspended with stirring under nitrogen in acetonitrile (4 ml). 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (1.45 g, 3.83 mmol) was added followed by 1-cyclopropylcarbonylpiperazine HCl salt (I′)(0.73 g, 3.83 mmol). Diisopropylethylamine (1.39 ml, 7.98 mmol) was added over 3 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5° C. and maintained at this temperature for 1 hour, before being filtered. The filter cake was washed with cold (3° C.) acetonitrile (2 ml) before being dried in vacuo at up to 40° C. to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid (0.93 g).

extras…………..

Olaparib

Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-[(3-[(4-cyclopropylcarbonyl)piperazin-4-yl]carbonyl) -4-fluorophenyl]methyl(2H)phthalazin-1-one
Clinical data
Trade names	Lynparza
Legal status	Investigational
Routes	Oral
Identifiers
CAS number	763113-22-0
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 23725625
ChemSpider	23343272
UNII	WOH1JD9AR8
ChEMBL	CHEMBL521686
Chemical data
Formula	C24H23FN4O3
Mol. mass	435.08 g/mol

 nmr

CAS NO. 763113-22-0, olaparib H-NMR spectral analysis

CAS NO. 763113-22-0, olaparib C-NMR spectral analysis

in Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary,Andhra Pradesh, India.

Boswellia serrata, -The cure for osteoarthritis in ayurveda, Shallaki,

Shallaki-Boswellia serrata

In degenerative and inflammatory pathologies invoving joints, there is no other drug as useful as Guggulu. Many international companies today use shallaki for the manufacture of drugs, ayurvedic and allopathic alike.

Family : Berseraceae

Scientific name : Boswellia serrata

Nomenclature in other languages :

Sanskrit : Shallaki, Susrava, Gajabhakshya

Hindi : Salei

Gujarathi : Dhoopa

Bengali : Salei

Tamil : Olibana

English : Indian Olibanum

Distribution : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar are most commonly the residence of this plant.

Botanical description : It’s a resinous tree that grows to a height of 12m. A tree of moderate height , its bark are grey in colour. Upon time the bark sheds off like scales of a snake. The younger branches and leaflets of this tree are very smooth. The leaves which are compound(pinnate) in nature are 20-37 cm long. The leaflets are 2-5cm long and 1-2.5cm wide. The leaflets are oval shaped. The leaves contains 8 pairs or more of the leaflets . The margins of leaflets are serrated. Flowers are many and the inflorescence is terminal raceme, with it seen in the axilla of the leaf and stem. The petals and sepals are hairy and five in number. The stamen are 10 in number, they are diercted inwards. The fruits are seen in 3-4 numbers and are seen as drupes along with cones. The flowering season in April-May.

C hemical constituents and action

The bark contains carbohydrates, glycosides, beta-sitosterol. The resin contains ditrepene alcohol. This is knownn by the name sitosterol. In addition to that 11-keto-b-boswellic acid also has been extracted from the resin.

Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia

Rasa : kashaya, tikta, madhura

Guna : laghu, rooksha

Veerya : sheeta

Vipaka : katu

Medicinal properties :

Alleiviates vata kapha disorders. Also cures chronic skin lesions of all kinds infective and inflammatory, ulcers, wounds, piles, diseases of mouth, diarhhoea, hepatic disorders etc.

Useful parts : Bark, Resin

Therapeutic uses :

-1gm of resin taken in tablet form daily three times cures rheumatic, neurologic complaints and rheumatic fever.

-for gangrenes in diabetes the resin of this palnt may be applied externally and it taken internally as pills regularly

-the resin of this plant when chewed cures bad odour of mouth and mouth ulcers.

Medical uses

In Ayurvedic medicine Indian frankincense (Boswellia serrata) has been used for hundreds of years for treating arthritis.

Extracts of Boswellia serrata have been clinically studied for osteoarthritis and joint function, particularly for osteoarthritis of the knee, with the research showing a slight improvement of both pain and function compared to a placebo. Positive effects of Boswellia in some chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease have been reported. A Boswellia extract marketed under the name Wokvel has undergone human efficacy, comparative, pharmacokinetic studies. Some see Boswellia serrata as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, warranting further investigation in pharmacological studies and clinical trials.

Topical application

Boswellia serrata has been recently developed for topical use in a patent-pending formula in Sano Relief Gel. Boswellia serrata is used in the manufacture of the supposed anti-wrinkle agent “Boswelox”,which has been criticised as being ineffective.

Potential for anti-cancer activity

Boswellic acid, an extract from Boswellia serrata, has been studied for anti-neoplastic activity, especially in experimental primary and secondary brain tumors, indicating potential efficacy from in vitro and limited clinical research. Boswellic acid is also undergoing an early-stage clinical trial at the Cleveland Clinic.

Active constituents

Boswellic acid and other pentacyclic triterpene acids are present. Beta-boswellic acid is the major constituent.

Mechanism of action

Animal studies performed in India show ingestion of a defatted alcoholic extract of Boswellia decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and migration, decreased primary antibody synthesis and almost totally inhibited the classical complement pathway.

Properties

Shallaki has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that can reduce the pain and inflammation of joints.

Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake is associated with high prevalence of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular adverse effects. All efforts to develop NSAIDs that spare the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovasculature are still far from achieving a breakthrough. In the last two decades, preparations of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata (a traditional ayurvedic medicine) and of other Boswellia species have experienced increasing popularity in Western countries. Animal studies and pilot clinical trials support the potential of B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma. Moreover, in 2002 the European Medicines Agency classified BSE as an ‘orphan drug’ for the treatment of peritumoral brain oedema. Compared to NSAIDs, it is expected that the administration of BSE is associated with better tolerability, which needs to be confirmed in further clinical trials. Until recently, the pharmacological effects of BSE were mainly attributed to suppression of leukotriene formation via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) by two boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). These two boswellic acids have also been chosen in the monograph of Indian frankincense in European Pharmacopoiea 6.0 as markers to ensure the quality of the air-dried gum resin exudate of B. serrata. Furthermore, several dietary supplements advertise the enriched content of KBA and AKBA. However, boswellic acids failed to inhibit leukotriene formation in human whole blood, and pharmacokinetic data revealed very low concentrations of AKBA and KBA in plasma, being far below the effective concentrations for bioactivity in vitro. Moreover, permeability studies suggest poor absorption of AKBA following oral administration. In view of these results, the previously assumed mode of action – that is, 5-LO inhibition – is questionable. On the other hand, 100-fold higher plasma concentrations have been determined for β-boswellic acid, which inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and the serine protease cathepsin G. Thus, these two enzymes might be reasonable molecular targets related to the anti-inflammatory properties of BSE. In view of the results of clinical trials and the experimental data from in vitro studies of BSE, and the available pharmacokinetic and metabolic data on boswellic acids, this review presents different perspectives and gives a differentiated insight into the possible mechanisms of action of BSE in humans. It underlines BSE as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, which warrants investigation in further pharmacological studies and clinical trials.

Reference :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553931

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7535733.stm